Children and Play

D1, D2, D3 There are many different settings where children can play. Children from a very young age can go to a baby room and after the baby room, children can go to pre-school nursery and then they can go to school. In my assignment these are the three settings I will be talking about. In a baby room the age range would be 9 months to 1 year old. The stage of play for this age range is solitary play. In solitary play children play on their own, totally independent from adults or other children. In a pre-school nursery the age range would be from 3 to 4 years old. There are 3 different stages of play this age range would be at. These are parallel, associative and co-operative play. Parallel play is when a child is playing along aside another child, but not playing with the other children. Associative play is when children share their materials and they talk to one and other. They all have different ideas of what they want to do and play. Co-operative play is when a child plays within a group and fully interacts with the other children. They also share their resources. In a school the age range is 5 to 11 years old. The stage of play the children are at is co-operative play, (see above for co-operative play). In a baby room the play that takes place is physical play. Physical play may include crawling and walking. Some children may be picking up objects, e. g. rattles and sucking toys.

Internet Influence on Youth in Egypt and the Arab World

? Internet influence on youth in Egypt and the Arab world The Executive Summary The internet is considered as one of the most important and the fastest access to information, and for knowing the latest evolutions in different fields; with a relatively low expense, by comparing it with the other traditional ways, as journals, books and magazines.And with the worldwide increasing diffusion of the internet, and its uses, both, positive and negative, and the appearance of the e-crimes' era; it became necessary to know the Arab world's and the Arabic language's portion from the internet uses, in terms of the number of users, and the bulk of the Arab content on this network, accompanied with the acquaintance of the mechanisms and the ways adopted by the international society, the Arab world, and Egypt in chasing the e-crime and confronting it.This paper aims to discuss the extent of spread of the internet using in Egypt and the Arab world, besides the extent of the e-crimes ‘diffusio n in the Egyptian society, and ways of confronting it, in the light of some Arab and foreign countries' experiments, and also attempting to know the Egyptian youth and the parents' opinions about the most important positives and negatives of using the internet, trying to put a conception on how can the society confront such negatives and internet crimes.The study was able to know the positive sides for using the internet, which includes the allowance of information in different fields for internet users, and facilitating reading the world news, and communicating with others in non-traditional ways, through chat rooms ? or e-mail, or other modern ways, which was given by the internet to its users, in addition to the possibility of distance education and training, and also distance working through the internet, which broke the barriers between countries.Despite the above-mentioned advantages of the internet, but it's not void of – as any modernized technology- faults and negati ves, which can be divided into absolute negatives, as using the internet in order to inroad upon others and libel them, and also stealing banks and money laundering crimes, and into relative negatives, which damages differ according to the habits of people and societies, and the prevailing norms in it, beside the extravagance in using the websites of songs, games and chatting, which kill time and isolate the individual from his social surrounding.And about the widespread use of the internet in the Arab world, the study concluded that there is a gap in the proportion of internet users in the Arab world, by comparing it to the global level, where internet users in the Arab world are only 1. 4% of the total internet users in the world in 2005, while the Arab population is 5% of the world's population.In addition to that, the information content on the Internet does not represent more than 1% of the information content on the Internet. The Internet use in Egypt has started in nineties, and the number of users in 1996/1997 was about 75 thousand user. With the establishment of the Ministry of Communications and Information in 1999 and a result of the efforts made in this area, the number of internet users became 4. 4 million in 2004.

Alfred Adler: Personality Theories Essay

I learned a lot regarding personality psychology during my helping plan project that involved the offering of psychological assistance to a teen in foster care that was laden with several psychological problems emanating from separation and loss of loved ones. The experience gave me a deeper insight into the theory of self and others as part of personality identity. For instance, the client (Y) had all the reasons to portray the behavior traits that she exhibited before the intervention program, simply because her perception of self relative to others led her into forming an inferior perception on herself (inferiority complex). [Ansbacher & Ansbacher (Eds. ) (1956)] A quick summary of the client life indicates that, despite being young (15 years) and from a minority group (Hispanics) she had lived in foster care system for more than six years, her other time was spend with family members and extended family since she was six years. She and her brother have about one year without seeing their mother since she (mother) has been in and out of jail due to drug related cases. Her aunt placed her and her brother in foster care because she could not afford to take care of them. She has been into four foster care homes and three different schools in a period of two years; she has also been living in four different demographic areas. Generally, the client was experiencing a lot of difficulties in coping to her new placement: she showed defiant behaviors to the foster care workers, she has severally expressed her resentment for being in a foster home, and she cannot explain the reason as to why she cannot live with her family members instead of other people’s family. Based on the self and others perspective, there may have existed the hope that the client would one day grow out of her aggressive behavior as she was still young, however, my helping plan was guided by Adlerian theory of personality that holds that idealistic plans for adulthood are often formed early in one’s life: powerful positive or negative experiences [at a young age impacts one future life, for example he (Adler) loosed his young brother aged three years, as a result he vowed to overcome death, he became a doctor in later years. My assessment of the clients’ problems revealed that they were serious and therefore demanded a holistic approach that would fix them once and for all and give the client a reason to smile and be happy by helping her, create, nurture, and exhibit positive attitude towards life. The ABC model that was used to solve the clients problems can be said to be holistic: it investigated the causal agents to the clients’ problems (separation and losses), it helped her to build a strong believe about the behavior that leads to the problems, and it enabled her to see the consequent of such behaviors were environmentally entrenched. Holistic approach was one of the calling cards that defined Adlerian theories of personality psychology. The helping plan objectives were measurable and achievable and prototype to Adlerian theory of Individual Psychology. In developing the theory Adler, was deeply intrigued by the early life of Theodore Roosevelt, which was characterized by several bouts of sicknesses such as diarrhea, nausea, coughs, fever, thinness, nearsightedness, and other sorts of severe illnesses. Again, Adler early life at home and in school was full of setbacks, he had to spend four years before learning how to walk due an attack of rickets, in school he was a below average student: nevertheless he became a medical doctor in his future life. My client was young and faced with deprivation of close family members, as a result she loosed interest in life: she did not conceptualize the reason as why other children of her age were enjoying their parental love while did not. Therefore, my helping plan created what Adler refereed to as motivational force the striving for perfection: the desire we all have to fulfill our potentials, to come closer and closer to our ideal – the idea of self-actualization, self-actualization because it was designed to teach the client new strategies of dealing and overcoming hurt and anger. The clients, problem can be interpreted as emanating from the uniqueness with which every individual has in respect to others. According to Adler’s Individual Psychology, four aspects define the personality growth of individuals. These aspects are: the development of personality, striving towards superiority, psychological health, and unity of personality. In efforts to strive for perfection, sometimes people are haunted by the feeling that they are inferior to others (inferiority complex): the lack of self-worth. This feelings gets into an individuals mind when he or she perceives his environment to be inadequate to help in striving to reach a goal by attainment of which will make us feel strong, superior, and complete. This is the exact situation that the client Y seemed to be in, she wanted to be accorded parental love just as other children, she wanted to live with her members of family just as other children did, but being in a foster care home made realize that she was more inferior to those other children as her efforts to behave indifferently only worsened her situation – moving from one foster care home to another. The intervention program was meant to help the client to move from this inferiority to complex to a better place that would enable her to build a positive attitude in life: the superiority complex. According to Adler, people are always trying to overcome the feelings of inferiority and replace them with superiority complex feelings. The intervention program’s model and tactics used in inputting and outputting important information from the client led to what Adler claimed to be fictional finalism. It tried to induce a clear sense of direction to making decisions that concerns the client wellbeing as a foster care home member. The client knew very well that her mother was in jail and that her aunt could not afford to take care of her and her brother, but she continued agonizing and making her life in the foster care homes more difficult. The intervention helped to create what Adler termed as mental phenomenon that helps an individual in discovering new characteristic pursuits of goals, powers, faculties, experiences, wishes and fears, defects and capacities. Both conscious and unconscious faculties of the client were utilized throughout the intervention program, in the stages of information extraction and coping strategy teaching, this steered the client into the final fictional finalism stage. Adler declared that each individual has an incomparable way of life, some people are negative while others are positive, this was fulfilled in the intervention’s careful measures of evaluation (both formative and summative) were aimed at accommodating and modifying the intervention where necessary in order to suit the individual uniqueness of the client. Again, the rigorous information extraction and coping strategy imparting is a prototype to Alderian methods of individual psychology. Alderians are known to excavate the clients past in view of altering his or her future by increasing the integration into community in the ‘here-and-now. ’ This approach leads to the creation of holistic individuals who boasts of having healthy personalities free from dysfunctions. According to Adler, human psychology is psychodynamic in nature, yet it is guided by goals and fuelled by yet to be known creative forces. These goals have a â€Å"teleological† function, in that, they are fictional. The inferiority/superiority dynamic is constantly at work during the process of shaping human psychology. This is achieved through numerous compensation and over-compensation which comes in varying forms. This is exactly what I learned during my roles as a helper in the intervention program. For instance, the intervention program’s core goal was to help the client develop and practice worthwhile strategies of coping with anger and anxiety in their stay in foster care homes. In his work, Adler argued that human personality can be explained in a teleological manner: the separate strands that are characterized by dominance in the urge to invoke individuals’ unconscious self ideal to convert the feelings of inferiority to superiority and ultimately to fictional finalism. The intervention program provided the teleological space to understand the client personality and hence strive to induce the conscience ideal for the conversion of inferiority feelings to superiority feelings and ultimately the fictional finalism. The three foot tosses (what matters to the client now? Where the client is as it relate to what matters? What the client is willing to do to move forward the indented direction? ), used in the study helped to come up with the correct strategies for coping in foster care home life, and in offering the appropriate dose of compensation that was able to induce the conscience to convert the feelings of inferiority to those of superiority. Just as Adler contended, if corrective factors were disregarded and the individual over-compensated, then an inferiority complex would occur that would foster the danger of the individual becoming power-hungry, egocentric, aggressive or even worse than he or she was before the intervention program, and hence, the notion that the fictive final goal of an intervention program can serve as a persecutory tool. The intervention results indicated that, the client benefited greatly: she could carry out with her normal chores, she related well with the foster care home’s helpers, she loosened up, and above all she was now ready to explore areas of life that she was in denial and distorted. This confirmed what Adler termed as social feeling or community feeling. It also further displayed the importance of holism in personality psychology, as no one can achieve perfection without putting into active consideration his or her social environment. Again, his arguments on social interest were that it is neither inborn nor learned but it is a combination of both. In an innate perspective one can display social interest when he or she smiles when others do so, or a baby showing sympathy for others even without having been taught so. The self and other phenomenon is displayed through the styles of life adopted by individuals. As social beings, human do not exist, they much less thrive, without others, and even the most resolute people-hater formed that hatred in a social context. Adler clarified that the process of compensation, correction, and conversion of inferiority feelings to superiority ones is more than just talking about a persons personality, rather, it entails the style of life of that particular individual. The style of life or just lifestyle is how one live his or her life, how he or she handle problems and interpersonal relations. For instance, the lifestyle of a tree is the individuality of the tree expressing itself and molding itself in an environment. We recognize a tree when we see it against a background of an environment different from what we expect, for then we realize that every tree has a life pattern and is not merely a mechanical reaction to the environment. † Through what can be termed as beautiful methods of relating between a counselor and client, I was able to impart the client with strategies that helped her to respond to the inferiorities that were inherent in her life. This what Adler referred to as compensation: to make up for ones deficiencies in some way. The client learned that the environment that she was leaving in was responsible for her problems, and that her predicaments had nothing to do with foster care homes, her family or other people. This client understood her environment was responsible for her predicaments, this helped her learn to put at watch her anger and anxiety. From a self and others perspective, I gained an insight into Adler’s birth order theory by relating with client Y in the intervention. According to the theory, firstborns are usually pampered before the arrival of second born who ‘dethrones’ them of that status. The young born tend to be overindulged leading to poor social empathy. In a family of three children, the first born tend to suffer a lot as he take scare of the other siblings despite losing the pampered status they once enjoyed, the middle born are not affected by either pampering or overindulgence and therefore they end up being successful in life. Being the first born and having only one sibling, a younger brother, speaks volumes of her problems. The fact that she started living with her aunt at the age of six years and that, her mother has been in and out of jails and has been on drugs most of her life, indicates that she hardly experienced enough parental love. Being the first born means that she was once loved and pampered before the arrival of her brother who according to Adler dethroned her. Again, the fact that she has lived in four demographic areas, shows that, her young life was full of inconsistencies. Her behavior could be explained by the fact that the responsibilities of looking after her brother rests in her shoulders. A combination of factors explains this: the absence of her mother (in jail) and family members and her being the firstborn with a younger brother that lives with her in the foster care home. This knowledge helped me to facilitate the correct doses for compensation, and hence the success of the intervention, just as Adler once asserted that, â€Å"It is easier to fight for one’s principles than live up to them. † The success of the intervention program was as a result of my assuming the traits of a buddy, confidant, showing genuine interest, respecting her, accepting her, supporting her, etc. The tactics that is employed in the interventions are a prototype to Adler’s mode of offering therapy was that of two chairs rather a couch, whereby the client and the counselor sat facing one another. His was democratic affair unlike autocratic, he contended that, therapists should never allow their patients to force them into assuming the role of an authoritarian figure, since this will allow the patient to play games that he or she might have played before such as setting the therapist as a savior only to pounce on him when he starts revealing his humanness. He viewed the failing to turn up for appointments, becoming stubborn or demanding special favors by patients as lack of courage to give up their neurotic behaviors. Patients should not be forced into understanding their lifestyles but rather should be brought into a state of feeling that they are listening and hence they can understand. The therapist should also encourage the patient, by developing a genuine human relationship. [pp. 335] References: Adler, A. (1956). The Individual Psychology, of Alfred Adler. H. L. Ansbacher & R. R. Ansbacher (Eds. ) New York: Harper Torchbooks, accessed on April 4, 2009

Government Higher Education Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Government Higher Education Policies - Essay Example It may entail acquisition of new skills and information or merely boost an understanding of already existing elements. Through education, a generation that breeds an alteration of society virtues is created and these develop the environment positively as they strive to achieve constant progress. These institutions further provide a platform involving social interaction measures as different cultural affiliations and individual behaviors cross (Hasley et. al., 1997, 14). The system limits discrimination as it involves assembling different ethnic affiliations with constantly environmental entities and technology. An educational government entity entails numerous models that constitute its functionality. It promotes individual intellectual development as they mature into adulthood faced with tough societal advancements. The system also works towards producing skilled individuals that are capable of propagating advancement in the technology to boost an impending economy. However, the edu cational policy entails a careful use of resources that need adequate provision especially by the government to instigate its advancement. There need to be sufficient resources availability to accommodate the entire population using the facility. It is the government duty to check on syllabus revision and provision of qualified professionals to help advance the learning process. A deficiency in any entity that supports the education policy negatively influences general institutional and individual improvement. There have been numerous policy changes in the UK educational system to advance the performance in the Higher Education institution. Government Higher Education Policies There have existed numerous reforms in the British education system over the years to accommodate better learning environments. These reforms have been targeted to solve impending constraints on the educational system. There have emerged problems in the standards of school performance with low school attendanc e leading to poor skills in the overall working population. These problems have developed to present discrepancy in higher education system where most individuals are lowly motivated to boost their overall performance. In 1980s, an experienced slow growth in educational progress among individuals especially below 16years led to the ranking of the country among poor performers. This system saw a conservative policy implementation where the government, involved parents in policymaking and articulated their financial status from number enrolled (Hill, 2001, 3). This system further promoted a public revealing of student’s result that enabled parents compare results and performance of different schools. The government sought to these systems to improve the results and general individual performance. The government of the 1980s had been conservative and exposed the inequalities in the system that existed among several schools. Secondly, there existed a problem in poor depiction of working skills especially among the younger working individuals in the UK market. The government sought to solve this problem through introducing a curriculum that applied uniformly across individuals especially in their early learning ages. This policy to maintain equal curriculum implementation was further improved in the 1990s. This saw an introduction of a system that encourages teachers especially in

Siminar to Criminal Justice paper 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Siminar to Criminal Justice paper 4 - Essay Example 2). The multifactor approach used by Glueck and Glueck (1950, as cited in Wright, Tibbetts, & Daigle, 2008) is influential in modern criminology that applies scientific methodology. This approach stresses the point that the tendency to commit crime and violence develops through time (Glueck & Glueck, 1950, as cited in Wright, Tibbetts, & Daigle, 2008). In the cohort longitudinal studies made by Farrington and West (1990), Shannon (1982) and Racine (1949), the same trend emerged with only a minority of the subjects being responsible for committing a majority of the crimes, thus reflecting a career from crime (Wright, Tibbetts, & Daigle, 2008). A criminal career approach studies the stages of offending for a period of time (Blumstein et al., 1986, as cited in Wright, Tibbetts, & Daigle, 2008) which typically spans for a short period (beginning at adolescence and ending at early adulthood) (Blumstein, Cohen, & Farrington, 1988, as cited in Wright, Tibbetts, & Daigle, 2008). Based from t he studies, criminal behavior is not stable through time. There is an onset period that begins during the teenage years. The behavior escalates and later dwindles in early adulthood.

Political Responses Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political Responses - Assignment Example It is also amusing, interesting and highly dynamic. It revolves around doing what ordinary men do, but the levels of the activity bring out the difference. Politicians tend to do more activities than what other people do in the aim of winning their support. He argues in reference to political scientists, who study and analyze politics. These entail doing what other people do: listening to press conferences and reading news paper, playing party in political campaigns, among others. However, politicians look at both sides of issues in question, because being emotional on issues could lead to cloud judgment. Politicians borrow ideas from other disciplines before making conclusions; these include sociology, economy, psychology, history, and philosophy. This is in the aim of analyzing how issues in the country are progressing politically. He also argues that politics is substantially complex; this is in regard to terms associated with it such as liberal and represent. This brings on the i dea on collective decision. Mobilization of the public is critical in pushing any agenda in politics. This is because politician act as people’s representatives in the legislature. ... This may be by convincing, and at times through pressure. He uses Hitler as an example as he rose to power through convincing many Germans to vote for him. Another example used by the author is the relationship between the congress and the head of State in US. There are frequent disagreements between the two parties because the president does not have the power to convince the congress on the energy issue. This forces him to follow the majorities’ choice. In short, politics revolves around the power one has over the others. The point put forward by the author has weight. This is because if one analyzes what is entailed in politics, the ultimate results are power and choice. The most influential character ends up being chosen by the majority. It is also evident that at times power may be exercised through coercion. This is where the powerful force the minority in the society to do what they want. At times, power may use corrupt incentives. This points out where the powerful use s money, physical strength, strong allies, affection among others. This strategy was used by Northern Vietnam to defeat USA forces in the 1970's war. This helps to make people other do what they wish. Question two Political action This entails all actions that bring pressure on governmental or political agencies with the aim of persuading them to take action. These persuasions should take positive environmental actions. There is many cause of political action is a reference to the films used in the course. Some politicians call for political actions in the efforts to bring political values or liberty. In other cases, political action is brought up as a result of quest for power, deliberation, and consensus. An Insight of

U.S and Iran Negotiations Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

U.S and Iran Negotiations - Coursework Example The power bases include: The framework agreement comprised a milestone in negotiations that began like 12 years ago. It created parameters for more than 3 months of negotiations over technical advances and unresolved matters. In Washington, Mr. Obama strongly defended the agreement with Iran as a rare lifetime opportunity to end the spread of dangerous nuclear weapons. He used his excellent communication power base to reassure his critics that he would keep all options available if at all Iran cheated ultimately (Alanazi, & Arnoldo, 2003). Over a period, Iran has been subjected to various pressures and sanctions especially from the US. Under the Obama administration, the sanctions have become more international and far-reaching hence leading to sanctions on the sale of oil by Iran and international access to financial markets. Nonetheless, Obama used to assure Iran that all these sanctions that continued to batter its economy would be lifted in phases if the deal to end the production of nuclear weapons was signed (Castillo et al, 2015) After negotiating the nuclear deal with Iran, President Obama faces two more steps to make it realistic. One is using his power as the US president to make the outline of the deal and its finality. The other step is ensuring that the congress does not interfere on the way. Since the beginning of the negotiations, the Congress has tried to block the deal but president Obama has used his authoritarian powers to prevent the Congress from blocking the deal. Most of the Republicans and some Democrats are skeptical about the recent agreement but in his speech, President Obama dared them to block the deal (Carson et al, 1995). Influence can refer to the force that a person exerts on someone else to induce a certain change on the targeted person. Barrack Obama, the president of USA used the following influence tactics to force out the deal. In this tactic, the leader just issues and instructs

International Financial Risk and Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Financial Risk and Control - Essay Example It is imperative for transnational business organizations to recognize the determinants of exchange rates and whether the exchange rate variations can be forecasted. International parity conditions refer to the economic theories that connect exchange rates, level of prices as well as the interest rates. In this study, we would attempt to see whether the international parity conditions are effective in forecasting the variations in the exchange rates in the real world. In doing so, we would consider the bilateral exchange rate movements of Euro/Dollar over the past twelve months and observe whether the variations were consistent with one or more of the International Parity Conditions. Subsequently, we would conclude the study by discussing the extent of effectiveness of the International Parity Conditions as a forecasting tool (Eiteman et al., 2007, p.170). In this section of the study, we would assess the relative exchange rate movement of Euro expressed in terms of United States Dol lar. For the convenience of the study, the Euro versus Dollar exchange rate fluctuations for the period of last twelve months were considered. However, to analyze the latest trend of the Euro/USD exchange rate, we would initially focus on the last 120 days movement of the currency. During this period, the highest value for Euro was 1.3788 USD (as recorded on November 8, 2011) while the lowest value of Euro during the same period was 1.2669 (as recorded on January 16, 2012). The latest value of 1 Euro (as on April 20, 2012) was observed to be 1.3192 USD (Source: X-Rates, 2012). The graph above represents the exchange rate movements EUR/USD for the period starting from May 2011 and ending at April 2012. A closer look at the exchange rate chart reveals that the value of Euro in terms of USD during the specified time frame had fluctuated from 1.45 to around 1.3 USD approximately.  

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 44

Economics - Essay Example The other factor to be considered is the supply- demand aspect. The firm should be able to focus majorly on what the market. The market should be able to determine the amount of products being offered. The supply to the market should be in line with the demand in that production increases with an increase in demand and a decrease in demand should reduce the production. This should be done with little interference to the core agenda of profit maximization. While finding equilibrium between the supply and demand factors of production which include labour and capital should be considered as well. The internal factors should integrate well with external factors in ensuring that an informed decision is made. The strategies involved should satisfy the internal market while aiming at benefiting from the diseconomies of scale. A lower cost per unit will be achieved by increasing the size of the firm. The government carry out fiscal policy with an effort of sustaining the economy. The efforts by the government are to ensure increased aggregate demand. The policies by the government include government borrowing. In some instances the government decides in borrowing from the private sector. The result is reduced power to spend by the manufacturing firms as the available funds focuses more on ensuring a balanced in their profit making goals and reduced expenditure. The government on the other hand borrows from the sector to reduce the government deficit. The result of borrowing from the sector is reduces the spending power of the firms. The firm should critically analyse the government decisions to borrow from them as a means of increasing the aggregate demand (Grossman & Hart, 1986). The firm should consider its internal goals before falling victim to government policies. The firms should decide on which policies are to be adopted and which are to be ignored. Adjusting to these pol icies may assist the firm operate at

Homeland Security Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Homeland Security - Assignment Example Each support annex identifies a coordinating agency, as well as assisting and cooperating agencies. In some instances, two departments or agencies share coordinating agency responsibilities (US Department of Homeland Security FEMA, 2009, p. 3-7) A plan is said to be achievable when the organization is able to achieve the main aims and objectives of the plan given the resource and time constraints placed upon the project. In every plan, a certain amount of resources are allocated and they are later monitored through the use of different statuses. The available resources of a project consist of the internal assets within the organization and even those that the organization is able to attain through agreements (US Department of Homeland Security FEMA, 2009, p. 4-17) U.S. Department of Homeland Security FEMA. (2010). Developing and maintaining emergency operations plans: Comprehensive preparedness guide 101, Version 2.0. Retrieved from

Accounting Standards Boards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accounting Standards Boards - Essay Example This convergence was done in order to improve the two main US accounting principles i.e. IFRA and GAAP. China and Japan also worked in this coverage of two boards. In accordance with the 2010 reports, the Securities and Exchange Commission’s have issued a statement of global accounting standard and convergence in order to direct the SEC staff. This was done to make a work plan which should be used to incorporate IFRA standards in US financial reporting system (Colson, Robert H, 2003, p.22). A brief history on the relationship of these two boards is described below: Interest of international accounting began in 1950s due to the integration of World War II and due to the increase of capital flaws in the systems. An international congress of accountant was hosted by American Institute of Certified Public Accountants in 1962. It discussed the steps for the development of accounting, auditing and other reporting standards. The first textbook of international accounting was publishe d in 1967 which was written by a member of FASB. IASB and FASB relationship was informal one. But in 1988 FASB became a member of IASC which meant that FASB was able to participate in the meetings of IASC. In 1993 FASB and its counter party conducted a joint venture project. This resulted in the improvement of in the relationship and standards of these two boards. In 2000 use of international accounting standards increased rapidly due to which IASB and FASB decided to collaborate and explore US international standards. IASB and FASB finally decided to collaborate and work together in order to improve the US accounting standards. This partnership has been mentioned in â€Å"The Norwalk Agreement.† A memorandum of understanding was issued by both of the boards in 2006. It described the targeted performance they hope to achieve by 2008. In this MOA they shared their common objective with high quality accounting standards. Both the boards completed the first joint project and iss ued a converged accounting standard on business combination in 2007. FASB and IASB updated its memorandum of understanding in 2008 in order to establish convergence goals of 2011. FASB reported the status of their project in order to converge and improve UC GAAP accounting standards in 2010. First quarter congress report was issued by both the boards which reported modification of their joint work plan. A progress report was issued by both the boards in 2011. It reported the progress of the convergence work program. In this report it gave priority to the three main areas i.e. leasing, financial instrument and revenue recognition. 1.2 IASB equivalents of the FASB original pronouncements FASB and IASB mainly establish standards in relation to finance and accounting which helps nongovernmental organizations to prepare financial statements. FASB major pronouncement is to develop the principles of general accounting, while IASB focuses on international financial reporting analysis. This indicates that IASB is not equivalent of the pronouncements of the other board. There exists difference in the practices of both the boards. FASB uses a rule based approach, which differs from the principles of IASB; it focuses on techniques, processes and organization. In spite of these differences in the original pronouncement, both the boards have agreed to converge for the best interest of financial economy. This means that the main reason of the convergence was to set universal standards of accounting. In order to reduce these differences meetings were conducted by auditors to ensure the success of both the boar

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Essay Example for Free

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Essay The theory of evolution by natural selection is about the changes that occur in all living things on earth over time. This process of change, which started on the first day of life on earth and continues up to the present, is what fortifies living things and enables them to survive and perpetuate their species. Detailed in a 500-page book entitled â€Å"On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection† published by Charles Darwin in 1858, the theory of evolution by natural selection essentially holds that on this earth, only the brawny and the brainy remain standing as a result of a perpetual struggle for survival. It follows, therefore, that only the stronger and the smarter of the species get the opportunity to reproduce and keep their kinds endure. As a further result of this process of natural selection, the descendants of the surviving species only exhibit the traits (whether physical strength, size, agility, quick-wittedness, or the ability to change appearance) possessed by their ancestors that permitted them to stay alive in their particular habitats. It further follows, that as a result of this perpetual process of change, the creatures of the present are vastly different from the original or earlier creatures that lived on this earth. (Regents of the University of Michigan. , 2005) Let us take as an example the case of the â€Å"peppered moth (Biston betularia)† in England. This particular species of moth that were found living among lichens in the trunks of trees before 1800 had a generally light coloring. Its coloring, therefore, enabled it to camouflage its presence among the lichens, thereby avoiding the predating birds. With the advent of the industrial revolution, the black smoke (soot) emitted by the industrial plants obliterated the lichens and darkened the trunks of trees. This development exposed the moth to their predators, resulting to a decrease in their population. In order to survive, the moth metamorphosed and by 1819, a darker variant of the moth appeared – one that was able, once again, to escape the eyes of the predating birds. (Regents of the Univ. of Michigan, 2005) Reference Regents of the University of Michigan. (2005). Evolution and Natural Selection. Retrieved June 22, 2007, from http://www. globalchange. umich. edu/globalchange/current/lectures/selection/selection. html

Domestic Marketing And International Marketing

Domestic Marketing And International Marketing The report has been prepared to highlight whether International marketing is really no different from the study of domestic marketing. It comprises the insight of domestic marketing, international marketing, and evolution of global marketing. The objective of this report is to explore various differences between International and domestic marketing. It focuses on various issues that need to be overcome before moving from domestic marketing to international marketing. This report illustrates various examples which moved from domestic to global marketing and experienced remarkable increase in the revenue. This report highlights various ethical problems faced in International Marketing. TABLE OF CONTENTS Topics Page No. Introductionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦4 The evolution of global marketingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.4-6 Domestic Marketingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..6-7 International Marketingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.7-9 Domestic vs. Internationalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.9-11 Empirical Examplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦12-13 Biggest International Marketing Mistakesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.13 Ethical Problems in International Marketingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.13-15 Conclusion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦15 Reference and bibliographyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦16 INTRODUCTION The marketing aspect is as important as other business aspect in every business engagement. The marketing aspect deals as how to make the product being introduce and sell in the market. There are many kinds of organizations created such as the domestic business, multinational business, international business, etc. The marketing strategies of each kind of business depend on the nature of the business involvement. Therefore, the Domestic and International markets should have separate marketing strategy. The differences of the two markets are obvious from the point of their market host and demand domain. The evolution of global marketing The long held tenants of marketing are customer value, competitive advantage and focus. Organizations hence studied the market, developed the product which satisfied the customer. They followed correct marketing mix to satisfy its own objectives. However this strategy proved to be very narrow as time elapsed and hence evolved Strategic Marketing. The focus was shifted from knowing only customer requirements, to knowing the customer in a context which includes the competition, government policy and regulations, and the broader economic, social and political macro forces that shape the evolution of markets. In global marketing term this means forging alliances (relationships) or developing networks, which works closely with home country government officials and industry competitors to gain access to a target market. The marketing objective has changed from satisfying organizational objectives to one of stakeholder benefits including employees, society, government and so on. Table 1.1 outlines a typology of terms which describes the characteristics of companies at different stages in the process of evolving from domestic to global enterprises. Table 1.1 Stages of domestic to global evolution Management emphasis Stage one Domestic Stage two International Stage three Multinational Stage four Global Focus Domestic Ethnocentric Polycentric Geocentric Marketing strategy Domestic Extension Adaption Extension Structure Domestic International Worldwide area Adaption creation matrix/mixed Management style Domestic Centralized top down Decentralized bottom up Integrated Manufacturing stance Mainly domestic Mainly domestic Host country Lowest cost worldwide Investment policy Domestic Domestic used worldwide Mainly in each host country Cross subsidization Performance evaluation Domestic market share Against home country market share Each host country market share Worldwide In stage one domestic marketing was in focus, with all activity concentrated in the home market. Organizations like milk marketing, solely domestically oriented organizations. In stage two home marketing is focused, but with exports (ethnocentric). Organization probably believes only in home values, but creates an export division. In stage three stage two organizations which realize that they must adapt their marketing mixes to overseas operations. The focus of theses organizations switches to multinational (polycentric) and adaption becomes paramount. In stage four global organizations which create value by extending products and programs and focus on serving emerging global markets (geocentric). This involves in recognizing the markets around the world which consist of similarities and differences and that it is possible to develop a global strategy based on similarities to obtain scale economies, but also recognizes and responds to cost effective differences. The strategies are a combination of extension, adaptation and creation. Domestic Marketing A domestic market is a financial market and trades are aimed toward a single market. A domestic market is also referred to as domestic trading. In domestic trading, organization faces only one set of competitive, economic, and market issues and essentially must deal with only one set of customers, although the company may have several segments in a market. Following are four guiding principles that governs the marketing strategy Knowledge Based Promotion The marketing platform is to deliver the huge benefit of products through ethically designed promotional strategies. The product will be promoted in the marketplace with a message that is focused, competitively advantageous, relevant and evocative to target audience segments, clinically supportable, and sustainable over time. Building Loyalty The marketers ensure that their product is always superseded by any other alternatives and it doesnt go out of fashion. Brand loyalty is integral part in adding value to their business. Parameters Not Formulas There is no set formula to devise the marketing and sales strategies and every product is different and respectively faces its own unique confluence of factors influencing its performance over time. The parameters governing should be with respect to sales and market share. Each of these parameters should be reviewed frequently through external market conditions, other corporate priorities, pricing changes, and new or revived competitors. Meeting the Genuine need The organization should aim to meet customer needs recognized by them. Japanese domestic market The term Japanese Domestic Market (JDM) is used by companies in Japan to refer to the services and product they offer in local market, as opposed to the international, non-Japanese market. The automotive hobbyist uses this term most commonly to refer Japanese-brand automobiles and parts designed and constructed to conform to Japanese vehicle and equipment regulations and to suit Japanese market preferences. Vehicles made in JDM migrate to other markets through ordinary commerce and the grey market. Vehicles made in JDM often differ in features and equipment from vehicles sold elsewhere. For example, Honda to sell its product worldwide has produced different versions of the B18C 1, B16A and K20A engines. This was done to suite varying emission regulations laws followed in different countries. Vehicles built based on JDM specifications will have stiffer suspensions and improved throttle response over vehicles built for different global markets, due to differing driving styles and different road types. For example, the USA features long highways and a smoother ride is always preferable, whereas Japans features short and twisty roads, where a stiffer suspension is desired for improved handling capability. For the US and European market versions, some features may be removed in order to meet certain price level, conventional rear suspension can be used instead of a double wishbone suspension and electronic devices like Active Yaw Control. Furthermore, engine power of JDM sports cars may be removed to meet stricter emission standards in other countries. The JDM headlamps would be a major concern when it comes to safety in countries where traffic flows along the right side of the road, because JDM headlamps are engineered for use on the left side of the road. International Marketing International marketing is a kind of marketing carried out by organizations overseas or across national borderlines. The strategy used is an extension of the techniques used in the home country of a firm. According to the American Marketing Association (AMA) international marketing is the multinational process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. Global Marketing Strategy gives a practical managerial orientation to international marketing in complex, rapidly changing global business environment. The marketing strategy focuses on customer analysis, competitor analysis and company analysis. Once marketing strategies are established the focus is done for segmenting markets, targeting markets and market positioning in the international arena. Following are the factors that need to be considered before moving abroad Demographic and physical environment should be assessed in categories like population size, growth, distribution channels, etc. Economic environment should be reviewed that goes around with the income and expenditure activities, inflation, currency stability, etc. that will contribute for the new service or products success. Social and cultural environment should be assessed that encompasses a wide range of anticipations and assumptions with regards to the culture and social differences. Legal environment should be considered which includes the limitations on trade and tariffs, proper documentation and import regulations. Political environment should be reviewed in which the governments system is included. In terms of strategies, the international market is truly different and more complicated than domestic markets. Individualized Marketing Strategy: This strategy is followed by companies that conduct international business in several nations and is often utilized by smaller businesses involved in only one or two foreign markets. In this strategy, political, social, and economic factors are important components of the marketing process. Global Marketing Strategy This strategy ignores differences between nations and based on the notion that consumers around the world are growing more and more similar and a standardized product and marketing mix can achieve enormous economies, especially in advertising, packing, and distribution because they would not be changed. Domestic Marketing vs. International Marketing Global marketing decisions requires months of research. They require high degree of planning and formation of internal strategies, factors affecting strategies are target audiences, spending and profit margins. Global marketing is more complex, and must take into consideration numerous factors such as Language and translation: Some countries share similar language but every country has nuances of language that should be considered before marketing globally. The marketing pieces should be shared with native speakers in the countries targeted for marketing, even if the language is the same as domestic market. For example Spanish is a language shared by millions worldwide, yet the Spanish spoken in Mexico differs from the Spanish spoken in Spain. Cultural considerations: Cultures vary worldwide and marketing pieces must reflect cultural nuances accordingly. It is wise to examine cultural context before to save money later by helping you avoid costly advertising and marketing mistakes. For Example In the United States, advertisements depicting scantily clad models sell everything from shaving products to soft drinks but in more conservative cultures, such advertisements would be offensive or even banned. Price and payment methods: Online sellers should facilitate currency converters or payment processing systems that accept multiple currencies, sellers must be aware of pricing sensitivities by country, by product and by market. Before launching the product into global market, competition and competitive pricing models should be investigated. The price should be tagged depending on whether product is targeted for domestic or global market. Marketing methods and the media mix: Marketing methods such as websites and print advertisements are used in most countries while others countries prefer to have direct mails. Countries with large rural populations, such as China and India, may not have as robust a mail service as industrialized countries so they may rely more heavily on radio or television rather than printed messages to share new and information. Before investing in any media we need to understand audience being targeted. Distribution methods and shipping concerns: Each country has its own restrictions and law as to what goods can be imported. Costs, time delay and country restrictions must be accounted for worldwide shipping. Every organization must comply with all importation laws, and if required they should be willing to invest the time into learning rules and regulations concerning exports and imports. While planning is an important aspect of any successful campaign, there are certain considerations which are vital for successful launch of a product in domestic market and global market. Table 1.2 lists the instances required to be considered before marketing. Table 1.2 Considerations vital for successful launch of a product Domestic Planning International Planning Single language and nationality Multilingual/multinational/multicultural factors Relatively homogeneous market Fragmented and diverse markets Data available, usually accurate and collection easy Data collection a large task requiring significantly higher budgets and personnel allocation Political factors relatively unimportant Political factors frequently vital Relative freedom from government interference Involvement in national economic plans; government influences business decisions Individual corporation has little effect on environment Gravitational distortion by large companies Chauvinism helps Chauvinism hinders Relatively stable business environment Multiple environments, many of which are highly unstable (but may be highly profitable) Domestic Planning International Planning Uniform financial climate Variety of financial climates ranging from over-conservative to wildly inflationary Single currency Currencies differing in stability and real value Business rules of the game mature and understood Rules diverse, changeable and unclear Solid Global Marketing decisions involve months of research with high degree of planning to achieve companys ultimate goals. Advanced planning gives a number of advantages Helps coordinate activities Helps prepare for emergencies Gives activity continuity Integrates functions and activities Helps in a continuous review of operations Following are the common differences Domestic Marketing Domestic marketing is marketing aimed at a single market. This single market is the firms domestic market. The firm faces only one set of competitive, economic and market issues. International Marketing International marketing goes beyond exporting and calls for direct involvement in the local marketing environment within a given country. Understanding different cultural, economic and political environments becomes necessary for success in international markets. Empirical Examples The domestic businesses samples probably rise in the range of local suppliers whereas the internationally engaged business strives to keep their business growing such as the Nike, automobile businesss, and even beauty products. QVC shopping leader The QVC shopping leader started as a shopping channel. The show hosts could only demonstrate a limited number of products per day. In 1996, QVC thought of expanding its business by getting into an Internet business where customers could browse online at their iQVC web site for a much larger selection of products. The QVC marketed majority of its product online which resulted in quantum leap in QVC e-business, spurring development of a technologically elegant system of warehousing and shipping the items as well. iQVC noticed a profit only after three months, made $97 million in profits by the year 2000, and has enjoyed ever-increasing sales each year since then. McDonalds Strategy McDonald has succeeded in growing as a consequence of its strategic choices. The analysis of the external and internal environment of the company shows, McDonalds strengths are more significant than its weaknesses. The primary strength is its brand, which is recognized all over the world, and its position at the head of its industry makes it a force to be reckoned with. The ability to determine what consumers want and need and adapt to new requirement is a major strength of company. This is the one that requires McDonalds to keep reinventing itself. Previously McDonalds used to close in the evenings just after dinner, but now almost 40% of McDonalds restaurants stay open round the clock, this is done to focus on between-meal and late-night options such as snack foods and fruit smoothies. On top of this McDonalds keeps on generating new products more aggressively than in the past. The new selections are tried out in one market for several weeks to see how the sales, costs, and margins grow and how easy they are to prepare by the companys constantly-changing staff. McDonalds strategies add on to companys strengths, such as the delivery service. It offers services in crowded cities such as Shanghai, this way company not only make more sales by catering to the traffic-challenged, time-constrained, and lazy, it also saves itself some money at the same time, because delivered meals require no table clean-up at the restaurant. Biggest International Marketing Mistakes Few companies faced huge losses due to insufficient planning and research done before launching the product in global market. In South East Asia Pepsi Cola lost it dominant market share when they changed the color of its vending machines and coolers from deep Regal blue to light Ice blue as Light blue is associated with death and mourning in SE Asia. Few years back when Pepsi started marketing products in China, they translated their slogan, Pepsi Brings You Back to Life pretty literally. The literal meaning of slogan in Chinese was, Pepsi Brings Your Ancestors Back from the Grave. During Chevrolets attempt to launch the Nova proved a mistake as Spanish translation of it was Doesnt Go, and in Mexico translation was (turns out this one appears to be an urban legend and cannot be verified). Ethical Problems in International Marketing The ethical standards are frequently not defined or always clear even within the country, which to leads dilemmas for domestic marketers. The business ethics is infinitely more complex in international marketplace, because value judgments differ widely among culturally diverse groups. The ethical standards commonly accepted in one country may be completely unacceptable in other countries. In US, giving business gifts of high value is highly condemned, whereas in many other countries the business gifts are not only accepted but also expected. Once the existing ethical framework is examined in the field of international marketing from a macro marketing perspective, it is argued that marketers cannot always rely on universally accepted ethical norms, such as hyper norms or core values that have been suggested by a deluge of marketing. We can use some basic moral values in evaluating international marketing ethical issues. We should accept violations of basic moral values in internationa l marketing settings as ethical problems. Following are Major International Marketing Ethical Problems derived from applied researches by Armstrong Traditional Small Scale Bribery- This involves the payment of few concurrency to a foreign official in exchange for him/her violating some official duty or responsibility or to speed routine government actions (grease payments, kickbacks). Large Scale Bribery- This involves relatively large payment intended to allow a violation of the law or designed to influence policy directly or indirectly (eg, political contribution). Gifts/Favours/Entertainment- This includes a range of items such as: lavish physical gifts, opportunities for personal travel at the companys expense, gifts received after the completion of transaction and other extravagant expensive entertainment. Pricing This involves unfair differential pricing, questionable invoicing in which the buyer requests a written invoice showing a price that is different from the actual price paid, pricing to force out local competition, dumping products at prices well below that in the home country, pricing practices that are illegal in the home country but legal in host country (eg, price fixing agreements). Products/Technology This includes products and technology that are banned for use in the home country but permitted in the host country and/or appear unsuitable or inappropriate for use by the people of the host country. Tax Evasion Practices This is used specifically to evade tax such as transfer pricing (i.e., where prices paid between affiliates and/or parent company adjusted to affect profit allocation) including the use of tax havens, where any profit made is in low tax jurisdiction, interest payments on intra-firm loans, questionable management and service fees charged between affiliates and /or the parent company. Illegal/Immoral Activities in the Host Country This includes practices such as: polluting the environment, maintaining unsafe working conditions; product/technology copying where protection of patents, trademarks or copyrights has not been enforced and short weighting overseas shipments so as to charge a country a phantom weight. Questionable Commissions to Channel Members This includes unreasonably large commissions of fees paid to channel members, such as sales agents, middlemen, consultants, dealers and importers. Cultural Differences This is between cultures involving potential misunderstandings related to the traditional requirements of the exchange process (e.g., transactions) may be regarded by one culture as bribes but be acceptable business practices in another culture. These practices include: gifts, monetary payments, favours, entertainment and political contributions. Involvement in Political Affairs- This is related to the combination of marketing activities and politics including the following: the exertion of political influence by multinationals, engaging in marketing activities when either home or host countries are at war and illegal technology transfers. Conclusion Typically, the first area where companies seek to market their goods or services is within its own country (domestic marketing). Since the market, customer needs, tastes, geography, demographics, and distribution methods are familiar, its often the easiest place for companies to launch a product. The four Ps of marketing product, price, place and promotion are often easier for companies to determine within the domestic market. Companies begin marketing their goods or services within their domestic market, and expand to the global market to capture greater market share and open up new avenues for sales. Global marketing means to offer ones goods or services worldwide. Global marketing requires months of research and planning before getting into global market. It is necessary to understand different cultural, economic and political environments for success in international markets Reference and bibliography Text referencing: Reference book The Global Marketing Imperative by Michael R. Czinkota, Ilkka A. Ronkainen, John Tarrant News paper articles Electronic sources: Websites Publications available from websites Unpublished works: Personal communication

Overview Of Benchmarking Theory Management Essay

Overview Of Benchmarking Theory Management Essay Benchmarking theory is established upon the performance comparison, gap, and changes in the management process (Watson, 1993). A literature review also shows that majority of benchmarking methodologies perform the same function as performance gap analysis (e.g. Camp, 1989; Karlof and Ostblom, 1993; Watson, 1993). In a context of waste, first rule of benchmarking is to determine the performance gaps with respect to generation and utilization within a management system and to develop method to close them. The gap between internal and external practices reveals the changes and at the same time differentiates benchmarking theory from comparison research and competitive analysis. The author explained further that competitive analysis focus on product or service comparisons but benchmarking examine the operating and management skills that is use to produce goods and services. More also, competitive analysis looks at the characteristic of competitors in the same geographical location whilst benchmarking seeks to find the best practices regardless of location. (Walleck et al., 1991). Benchmarking has been defined by many authors due to its positive and negative result affecting the success of performance improvement within the organization. The literature review of Kozak, 2004, original sources: Camp, 1989; Zairi, 1992; Smith et al., 1993; Rogers et al., 1995, explained that benchmarking: Enable organization to ascertain the position they have more strength and weaknesses depending upon charges in supply, demand and market condition. Enables to set new standard and objectives to enhance customer satisfaction in term of quality, cost, product and services. It gives employees new standard knowledge to work on and also motivate them to always strive for more improvement. Enable organization to determine the possible level of performance they could attain by looking at others and to what extent they could achieved such performance Help organization to stimulate continuous performance which will give them competitive edge over others and enables it maintain world class standard. Despite the above benefit, a successful benchmarking researcher Bendell (1993) stated that time constraints, competitive barriers, cost, lack of both management commitment and professional human resources, resistance to change, poor planning and short-term expectations are regarded as barriers. The author further noted that poor execution of benchmarking exercise can lead to waste of time, finance and human resources. Elmuti and Kathawala( 1997) illustrate that there is no single best practice of benchmarking because peoples ideology varies and organization concept and system differs from one another. On a contrary, there is a risk involved in benchmarking others and adopting their new standards into ones own company. However, the best practice which is producing outstanding performance with good examples should be perceived and adopted. According to research, benchmarking has been defined by many authors and organization even though each definition aims to reach same conclusion. Nevertheless, benchmarking was basically stems from Demings quality management theory, which aims to enhance quality and check its sustainability by following several stages in order( Kozak 2004, p5). Websters Dictionary defines benchmark as a standard by which something can be measured or judged (Kozak, 2004 p. 5). Xerox and Robert C. Camp at the end of the 1980s gave most widely accepted and referenced text on the subject of benchmarking as the continuous process of measuring our products, services and practices against the toughest competitors or those companies recognized as industry leaders (Camp, 1989). On a simply note, benchmarking is the process of finding the best practice in an organization and forecasting what performance should yield in the future. The three principles of benchmarking are maintaining quality, customer satisfacti on and continuous improvement. (Kozak 2004, p.5, original source: Watson, 1993). Some author sees benchmarking as a continuous process or measurement while others defined it as finding and looking significance things to enhance an organization performance. For example, Vaziri (1992) defined benchmarking as a continuous process of comparing organizations performance with that rated as the best within the industry considering consumers needs and determining what needed to be improved in order to have competitive edge in the future. Similarly, Watson (1993) also emphasizes benchmarking in term of continuity feature referring to the continuous input of information acquired from benchmarked organization into the organization. Geber (1990, p. 36) based his definition at significance focus on the best practice of benchmarking as follow: a process of finding the world-class examples of a product, service or operational system and then adjusting your products, services or systems to meet or beat those standards. Approaches to definitions of benchmarking Adopted from (Kozak, 2004. Destination Benchmarking) In practice by many organizations, benchmarking process usually encompasses the following: Regularly analyzing and comparing aspect of performance with high ranked organization Identifying the performance gaps Establishing fresh method to improve on such performances Continuous tracking the implementation improvement; and By continuous monitoring progress stages and assessing the benefit Types of benchmarking Due to many relevant literature reviews, it could be seen that there are many classification of benchmarking, the main categorization are internal, competitive and functional benchmarking (Kozak 2004, p.10 original authors: Camp, 1989; Zairi, 1992). Kozak (2004,p.10) further classified benchmarking into two parts: internal and external benchmarking, in same context, competitive and functional benchmarking was classified under external benchmarking. INTERNAL BENCHMARKING Internal benchmarking is regarded as two ways communication and sharing information between departments within the same organization or between organizations operating as a branch in different countries (Cross and Leonard, 1994; Breiter and Kline, 1995). This kind of system can be found in a franchising company whereby an outstanding performance by any part of the organization will be learnt by the other. Internal benchmarking is an added advantage to an organization or partner who shares a common language, culture and systems, having easy access to data, and giving a baseline for future comparisons (Breiter and Kline, 1995). EXTERNAL BENCHMARKING It is an opposite or reverse case of internal benchmarking as it was read in many relative literatures. External benchmarking requires comparison of activities with external organization in order to acquire method, new ideas and knowledge using by the organization to attain such an outstanding performance in the production of goods and services. Kozak (2004, p11) noted the objective of external benchmarking as the persistence in improvement of ones performance by measuring and comparing with that of others and determine how others achieve their performance levels. This type of benchmarking provides opportunities for an organization to learn from the best practices and experiences of the others who have the competitive edge in the industry. The consistent review of benchmarking by Kozak (2004, p.11) has brought up another three subcategories of benchmarking which are: competitive, generic and relationship benchmarking. Competitive benchmarking: this type of benchmarking occurs only among the direct competitors. According to Kozak (2004) explains that competitive benchmarking is regarded as the most sensitive type of benchmarking activities because of it difficulties in achieving an applaudable collaboration and cooperation with direct competitors and reach primary sources of information. For example Xeroxs market shares starts to diminish because of the entrance of new competitors. Therefore the management decided to benchmark its performance with competitors within the same industry. The results of this enhance its financial position, stabilized its market shares and increase its customers satisfaction. (Cook, 1995). Functional benchmarking: Functional benchmarking refers to comparative research and attempts to seek world-class excellence by comparing business performance not only against competitors but also against the best businesses operating in similar fields and performing similar activities or having similar problems, but in a different industry (Kozak, 2004, original sources: Davies, 1990; Breiter and Kline, 1995). For instance British Rail Network South East benchmarked British airways in order to improve the standard of cleanliness of trains. They were able to achieve such aim by the survey that was conducted on British airways mode of cleanliness. (Cook, 2005). Moreover, this type of benchmarking makes it easier for best in class organizations to share new ideas, best practice and experience together and it is as well regarded as non- competitive benchmarking (Kozak 2004, p.12). Relationship benchmarking: This type of benchmarking occurs between organizations that have mutual relationship together before the agreement of benchmarking is sealed (Anderson, 1995). This method potentially may provide some benefits to organizations since less time is required and the trust established between the two parties will help break down confidentiality barriers. Cox et al. (1997) call this collaborative benchmarking. Benchmarking best practice Historically, benchmarking is seen as an essential tools for continuous improvement of goods and services in an organization ( Dattakumar and Jagadeesh 2003). For example Xerox Corporation in the united state was the first company to be credited with a successful benchmarking project in 1979. Nowadays, organizations have realized that in order for them to survive in the nearest future, they have to initiate major changes within their organization that will make them more productive and reduce costs. benchmarking goes beyond just competitive analyses, rather than analyzing organizational processes and method to assess how the competitive edge is achieved. Benchmarking against Best practice requires seeking out the undisputed leader in the process that is critical to business success regardless of sector or locations. I.e using the most effective methods of achieving optimal performance leading to superior performance is the process of benchmarking for Best Practices identifying, sharing, and imparting knowledge, innovative ideas, and highly effective operating procedures related to best business practices, inside and outside your organization (Julian L. Aston and Jonathan A. Goldhill). In a nutshell, the achievement of any organization is to successfully identify and appl ying best practices in its operations which will result to reduction in business expenses and improve its organizational efficiency. In order for benchmarking process to be achieved in an organization, the follow steps need to be initiated and implemented (Julian L. Aston and Jonathan A. Goldhill): Step 1: The management needs to establish a lead Best Practices team that will be engaged with overall development and company-wide implementation of this important new activity. In addition, creates departmental benchmarking teams charged with development and implementation of Best Practices within their individual department. Step 2: Each team determines the types of Best Practices their department must uphold. Step 3: Teams identify benchmarking resources applicable to their Best Practice needs. Step 4: The teams collect and analyze information. Step 5: Each team determines the value of each Best Practice relative to attaining departmental and overall corporate objectives. Step 6: Team members take the time to understand and analyze the point gap between an existing standard or practice and the desired best practice standard. Step 7: Each team brainstorms how they can close the point gap, and develops an action plan in support of upholding each Best Practice. Step 8: The teams take action under the leadership and guidance of the Lead Best Practices Team, reporting to Senior Management. Finally in order for the implementation of a Best Practices Program to be successful, establishment of departmental Best Practices teams must be initiated and charged with the task of managing the process on a continuous basis. Best Practices Example A vivid example of a best practice is demonstrated by SRC in Springfield, Missouri. Convinced that everyone is responsible for the companys success, SRCs management team trained every employee in cash flow management, a tool that has enabled the company to generate double-digit growth every year since its founding 12 years ago. SRC has grown in 12 years from one company of 100 employees to 12 employee-owned companies in 16 sites with 750 people. SRC has been named the Entrepreneurial Company of the Year by Inc. magazine for the last three years. The current turnover rate is less than 1 percent. http://www.qualitydigest.com/feb/bench.html DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BENCHMARKING AND BEST PRACTICES Are benchmarking and best practices the same? According to many literature reviews, it could be understood that benchmarking is totally differ from best practices. Benchmarking is the process that gives one the opportunities to ascertain potential best practices, i.e. identifying best ranked performer; one to locate a specific practices within an organization that could enhance own performance. However, there are different categories of benchmarking which organization might practice and it was understood that some organization benchmarked for the purpose of setting performance target for their own organization rather to ascertain practices that contributed to the success of other organization and to emulate it. What distinguishes best practices from benchmarking? A best practice is never a new idea, perhaps is what meets the seven following criteria: Successful over Time: A best practice must be documented. Quantifiable results: The achievement must be quantifiable. Innovative: Must have a distinctive program and process from its peer Recognized positive outcome: Best practice should generate different positive result and indicators Repeatable: A best practice should be adopted with modifications. Should establish different strategies and be able forecast benefits that are likely to be accrue to others. Has local importance: Best practice is seen as an outstanding performance to those who seek for it. Therefore, it should not be a duplicate strategy; i.e organizations should adopt it with modification. Not linked to unique demographics: A best practice may have evolved as a result of unique demographics, but organization from other demographics should be able to transfer with modification. http://www.scribd.com/doc/83467243/14/DIFFERENCE-BETWEEN-BENCHMARKING-AND-BEST-PRACTICES. In conclusion, although different authors views benchmarking from their different perspectives as it is demonstrated in the figure () . All these definitions portray same aim and objectives: the continuous measurement and improvement of an organizations performance against the best in the industry to obtain information about new working methods or practices (Kozak 2004, p.7). However, best practices and methods that are seen as the success key to an organization may not necessarily be the best to those adopting it. Therefore benchmarking requires full scale modification and extensive innovation in order for justifiable achievement to be attain.

Hawthorne and Young Goodman Brown :: essays research papers fc

It has always appeared to be fact that sin was an easy word to define and that merely doing anything that goes against God and his teachings is a sin. In order to avoid sin, one must possess an infinite amount of faith and be able to follow the teachings of a master that one can’t always see, but needs to understand is always there. In literature, many works have been created dealing with faith and sin, but most are usually not written from a perspective in which a sinning man does not seek redemption. Most stories are not allegories dealing with a man leaving his wife – named Faith – so that he can go off into the woods and, literally, dance with the devil. Most stories, however, are not Young Goodman Brown and most are not written by Nathaniel Hawthorne as a response to the guilt he felt over being the descendant of people involved in the Salem Witch trials. An immensely important part of this allegory is the character of Faith, Young Goodman’s wife, wh o represents just what her name says, and how her character affects the entire story. Her existence alone allows for the crisis Young Goodman Brown feels and even later further enhances that same crisis. She is both the cause and solution to all of Brown’s problems, if only he would allow himself to accept his faith rather than enter into the kingdom of the devil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Faith is a highly subjective thing that all people who wish to have religion in their lives must have and embrace. Now, Hawthorne wrote Young Goodman Brown as a commentary on a seriously religious society that went as far as to drown women who were preported to be witches. As Brown tells his wife that he is going away for a while, she – in her pink bows and her young face, implores him not to go. Brown knows that he’s about to embark on a journey where having faith is important and necessary. Even he acknowledges such a fact when he states â€Å"what a wretch am I, to leave her on such an errand.† (Hawthorne 614). Brown is fully aware that on the journey he’s about to embark on, he needs his faith. However, he’s also aware that if he brings his faith along then the meeting with the devil will go differently than planned and will end with him maybe not accepting the devil’s pleas.

Psychology Book Report :: essays research papers

The Boy who couldn’t stop Washing written by DR. Judith Rapoport, published by Penguin books in 1989, containing 292 pages, deals with obsessive compulsive disorder. Dr. Rapoport is a psychiatrist who specializes in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). In this, book she reveals new drug treatments, new methods in diagnosis and behaviorist therapies. This is done through the study of her patients and their disorders. Rapoport has revealed this secret disease and hopes to bring and understanding about it to all that may suffer from it and to anyone who may want to be informed. I highly recommend this book to anyone interested in learning about OCD. It may help those who face this disease everyday of their lives, and make them realize they are not alone. Also will aid in those who do not know much about this disease and give them and understanding and be aware that it surrounds us. There are many interesting quotes and advice given in this book; five statements stood out that I felt are worthwhile. “Most Psychiatrists don’t use the word “crazy'; but that’s exactly how to talk about it with an obsessive-compulsives. Since they are so sane in every other way, you must agree with and understand how upset they are by how crazy it all is'; (pg. 6). This stood out to me and made me realize many things. Many who would look at people with OCD would think they are crazy, but in fact they are as normal in a sense as anyone of us is but they suffer from a problem. We all suffer from some kind of problem but not to this degree, so when people label them as crazy it is wrong as yet they are saner than many of us. “Whether you know it or not you know someone with this disease';(pg. 115) After finishing this book I realized that this is somewhat true. This is a disease that has been kept a secret, and those that suffer from it keep it a hidden. It is embarrassing and those that suffer from this wish not to be identified. It has become a ritual to the person; they feel if they admit that they suffer from this that they will be labeled as “crazy'; when if fact they are not. One of our family members may have it or friends, we never know, and that’s the amazing thing because we might be able to help them but they are not willing to be open about it.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

The book Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which was first published between 1851 and 1852, was written by a renowned anti-slavery crusader and author, Harriet Beecher Stow and it was received with acclamation and was also considered a masterpiece in its time. The author is accredited for writing a book that has been said to be a major contributor of the Civil War. The author herself grew up witnessing the passionate slavery debates and thus she held tight to her abolitionist ideologies. From the onset of the book it is clear that the author generally writes to convince the Northern readership on the need to end slavery. She exposes the horrors of the ongoing slavery that was predominant in the south. Stowe does not shy away from expressing her religious views by emphasizing the importance of Christian love in order to tackle oppression. The author also in this book also propels her feminist’s views and thus portrays women as an equal gender in the society. One of the strengths that the book harbors is the impact it had on the society and also the understanding that one gains of the factors that led to the war. However, a weakness of the book can be found on the author herself since it can be argued that the author’s limited experience of life in the southern area made her to have an inaccurate description of the region. However, looking at the strengths of the book it is easier to see how they outweigh the weaknesses. The book is hailed as one that captures the wild imagination of many Americans and its rich historical context of the events that led to the civil war portrays the book in good light.

Plato ethics Essay

Every person does not do what he believes as to be the best, b atomic number 18ly however, there is an move over door for a person to correspond on an appetitive attitude that conflicts with rational attitudes what is good. Some conflicting attitudes ar capable to different objects. This external conflict does not necessarily require an internal fraction of psychology attitudes (Irwin, 1999). The psychological theory of Plato is a bit complicating than the basic division that ability be suggested by an individual.There are various types of appetite attitudes which may be appealing for a person however, near may be unnecessary but lawful, while others unnecessary and uncontrollable. A federal agency from these appetite attitudes, there are in addition five pure psychological constitutes. Theses are aristocratically constitute individual, democratically constituted individual, olgarchically constituted individual, timocraticalliy constituted individual, and lastly, tyramica lly constituted individual.In all sense, the independent among the virtues is not simpler in anyway, since the unfair person in approximately case fails to wise, courageous and temperate. Lastly, in Platos view, the individual can be characterized by his lawless behaviors as enslaved to do what it wants, in force(p) of disorder, regret, as poor and disgruntled, and as fearful.Therefore, for virtuoso to succeed in life, he must be composed and decide to do what he thinks is better to him. All that angiotensin-converting enzyme should struggle to do is to ensure that evaluator is practice to in the manner gratifying to all.

Othello and Crescent Essay

Introduction Present rise provides a comparative analysis of Shakespe atomic number 18s Othello and Abu-Jabers semilunar in terms of locating same and opposite themes. The theme that was chosen is even offation of Arabness as social, individual and ethnic category. There is no denying the importance of the item that twain whole kit depict the band of Arab people in westward civilisation, including western attitudes to them, their get perception of Western way of life and traditions and their dealing with other people. more(prenominal)over, both works serve as the instruments for revealing negative contours of Western societies, including racialist prejudices, which is in forkicular transparent in Othello. Based on the last mentioned reservations, present essay defends the thesis, which whitenedthorn be hypothesize as follows Shakespeares Othello and Abu-Jabers semilunar keep much in common due to the particular that beneath recurrent symbols and themes, such as love, perfidy etc. lies the telephone exchange theme of Arabness, reflected finished the prism of civilizations interchange, deviation and contradiction.The comparative analysis of Othello and crescent-shaped some(prenominal) Othello and Crescent have Arab people, found themselves in certain(prenominal) roles within Western civilization, as their main(prenominal) protagonists. The conflict between them and Western civilization takes place on different thematic levels, explained by the struggle in plots and diachronic surrounding. Sirine, the main protagonist of Cresent, is a chef at Lebanese restaurant in Los Angeles with Middle-Eastern cuisine. Her surrounding consists of the Arab people, umteen of whom were exiled or emigrated from Iraq due to political repressions.Sirines Arabness is naturalized by her sentimental intimacy to Iraqi uncle and a great interest in Iraqi history, finis and Muslim traditions in general. Notwithstanding the fact, that Sirine is success ful in America, she is rather lonely and still feels herself an immigrant, living in alien and unfriendly kitchen-gardening. The last mentioned speck of desolation is well described by the friend of Sirine, c all(prenominal)ed Um-Nadia The lonesomeness of the Arab is a terrible thing it is all-con midpointing.it threatens to swallow him social unit when he leaves his own country, even though he marries and travels and talks to friends twenty-four hours a day. (Abu Jaber,78) Hence, it is significant to origin that Sirines Arabness and conflicting status within Western civilization are not be in turn to terms and notions, bearing on direct political connotations. As Nouri Gana rightly suggests virtually Abu Jabers myth, perhaps one of the most glowing virtues of the novel is that it awakens the political in the reader by foxily staging how it bears on the individual and communal on a day-to-day basis (Gana, 237).The same may be said about Shakespeares Othello, where Ara bness is to a fault not addressed directly, but essentially talk terms through thematic, symbolical and cultural discourses. Unlike Crescents where the contradiction between cultures and civilization is represent as the toughy of adaptation, assimilation and longing for inherent country, Arabness in Othello is effected mainly in racist terms. However, the last mentioned racism should also be tacit as the instruments by means of which Shakespeare debunks aggressive, brutal, coward character of such members of Western civilization as Iago.The Arabness of Othello is initially represent through the mechanism of alienization, when he is named not by name, but as Moor and extravagant other, which immediately creates mental border between civilizations. (Othello 1. 1. 58 and 1. 1. 37). Here, the direct distinction in representing Arabness may be traced at the narrative level of Crescent. Unlike Othello, Hanif Al Eyad, who is an exiled Iraqi professor, does not experience direct ra cial prejudices, but problems of adapting to American society.What is more important, he has important problem of integrating in Arab American residential district, which is already assimilated into the wider American culture. In fact, Hanif finds himself in a difficult position of finding new contours of his Arabness, as he meets with new conditions of its existence in the American society. In the same vein, Sirine reconfigures her identity, when she starts working at Arab restaurant. Her lost Arab root come to existence, when she delves into her parents, old recipes and to begin cooking the favourite(a)but almost forgottendishes of her childhood (Abu Jaber, 22).Finally, when Hanif and Sirine meet, they are engaged in cultural interchange Sirine educates him about American and Hanif opens the culture of Iraq and the Arab macrocosm to Sirine. In this way, the Arabness is constituted in the contradictory multicultural way, when it becomes a mixed bag of American way of life, it s contradictions, immigrants culture and post-9/11 anti-Muslim syndrome, negatively experienced by Arab people, living in the US.Therefore, the Arabness in Crescent and Othello are constituted in distinctively different ways. Othellos racial and cultural difference is the main source of legitimization for brutal behavior of Roderigo, Iago and others, who cope with the transactionhips between Othello and Desdemona. In fact, Desdemona is the only protagonist, which opposes particularization of cultural differences and represents universality of human relationships. She sees in Othello neither Arab, nor exotic man, but a man, whom she loves.The write up in Othello is extensive with racial prejudices, which function as the markers of Arabness. At the low gear of the play, Iago wakes Brabantio up and tells him that an old black ram / Is tupping your white ewe (1. 1. 89-90), referring to Othello. The relations between Othello and Desdemona are also presented by Iago through racist di scourse, your daughter covered with a Barbary horse (1. 1. 112), and reminds Brabantio of genetic consequences for his family, youll have your nephews neigh to you, (1. 1. 112-18). other(a) features of Othellos Arabness are reproduced mainly through the flick of his temperament and here we find Shakespeares life-sustaining edge, which uses then dominant racial prejudices of English gentry to depict their defected nature. Othello is depicted by Shakespeare as absent Western (Iago-type) virtues as cunningness, meanness, egoism, rationality, calculation, but endows him with trustful, kind, energetic temperament. The latter positive constitution of Arabness serves as the critique of Western society deficiencies and problems.Eventually, such features of Arabness result in tragical ending of Shakespeares play (Bartels, 458). Othello as Abu-Jaders protagonists also seems lonely in the Western world, where all are against him. Pain of loss, exile and loneliness, however, is presented i n Crescent in more sentimental quotidian way. For instance, it is evident when Sirines Iraqi uncle asks the Italian waiter in a restaurant Wouldnt you say that immigrants are sadder than other people? To which the latter responds, When we leave our nucleotide we fall in love with our sadness. (Abu-Jaber, 78).Another important theme, which runs through Abu-Jabers novel is clog of organism Arab. This idea is mainly propagated by Sirines uncle and defended through telling mythical stories from Arab history, depicting the suffering of Arab people. The difficulty of being Arab is also presented at the level of racialized and politicized metaphors, which represent Arabness in Western world and in fact distort satisfying culture of Arab people. In this way, Arabness is constituted as the ideological category, which has nothing to do with real life of Arab people (Gana, 241).The latter contradiction may be traced in Othello, when in fact our imaging of the main protagonist is constitu ted by eastern discourse. One of the major differences pertinent to the analyzed works is general narrative tone in which the latter discussed contradictions are presented. The contradictions of being Arab in the Western world in Cresent are presented through the depiction of Arab community daily life. The experience of Sirine and Hanif is characterized by sentimental feelings, loneliness, mental trauma etc.The conflict between cultures and civilizations is presented as the quotidian difficulties of communication, adaptation and active life. The romantic ties which joined Sirine and Hanif may be described as the part of sentimental representation of Arabness in Abu-Jabars novel. However, as it was noted above, even such approach to narration reveals much of the tensions and contradictions, experienced by immigrant Arabs. Unlike Crescent, Othello represents the secernate of contradictions between Western and Eastern civilization, which results in tragic implications for the destin y of individual people.Racial prejudices against Othello function as the legitimization of Iagos plot against him. The differences between temperament and culture of Othello and his latent rivals, hence, should be understood as the main driving force of Shakespeares tragedy. Conclusion To sum it up, Arabness may be described as the central theme in both Shakespeares and Abu-Jabers works. It is represented on the level of human relations and is not directly interpreted in political manner, however, certain ideological and political interpretations may be found.Racial prejudices in Othello serve as a tool for debunking negative features of Western civilization and human/universal features, reflected in Othellos temperament. In Crescent, the Arabness is presented through the prism of immigrants difficulty of adaptation, permanent feeling of pain, loneliness and lack of identity. In this way, the discussed theme has both similarities and difference in the discussed novels, explained by their distinct genres, historical and cultural surrounding.Works CitedAbu-Jaber, Diana. Crescent. New York Norton, 2003. Bartels, E. C. Making More of the Moor Aaron, Othello, and Renaissance Refashioning of Race. Shakespeare Quarterly vol. 41 454, 1990. Gana, Nouri. In Search of Andalusia reconfiguring Arabness in Diana Abu-Jabers Crescent. Comparative Literature Studies. Vol. 45, no. 2, 2008. The Pennsylvania cite University, University Park, PA. Shakespeare, W. Othello. The Complete Works of Shakespeare, ed. David Bevington, 3d edition. Glenview, IL Scott, Foresman, 1980.