The Death of Marilyn Monroe Essay -- Papers Fame Suicide Famous Essays

The Death of Marilyn Monroe In the world today, we, the public, spend so much time admiring stars from Hollywood and many of us want to be like them. Yet, there is so much pressure placed on them, and some times this becomes all too much for them to finagle with and they end up taking away their live. This is the unpleasant and tragic side of creation famous as we are all made to believe that fame pass on make you happy. Edwin Morgan brings this theme into focus in the poem The Death of Marilyn Monroe. He looks at how such a beautiful and worldwide icons such as Marilyn Monroe matte up that to get rid of all the pressure that is associated with fame, she needed to commit suicide, which is the unpleasant truth, we the contributor have to face while reading this poem. Edwin Morgan looks at this through the exceptional(a) use of personification, symbolism and imagery. This was put to good use as it help me to create an image in my mind about how fam e isnt all that it is hyped up to be and that it allows the reader to see the darker side of fame. Marilyn Monroe was the biggest film star in the late 50s. She was portrayed as being a sex symbol on the silvern screen. She was a massive icon worldwide and was admired by everyone. Even today people still admire her, 42 years after her death, as she has her image on bags and calendars. Monroe, wasnt your average sex symbol, she wasnt sleazy as she had this child like innocence that so many people admired her for, including women. Edwin Morgan conveys this idea of Monroe being a sex symbol, yet, also being child like, by using a series of rhetorical questions. What innocence? Whose guilt? What ey... ... people worldwide as they were shaken. They felt that Monroe was part of their family and that the film industry will never be the same without her. Marilyn Monroe had the whole world at her feet, as she was rich and famous. Yet, fame has a darker side. Which makes you low and isolated. Fame is like a curse for many famous people and many people end up taking their lives such as Monroe. This gives the reader an acuteness of what fame is really like and what it gives you. Not money, but isolation and depression. In the end, being rich and famous only makes you unhappy, unlike what the American Dream tells us. Edwin Morgan is showing the reader the darker, more real side of fame. What we are told it is, but that is could end up taking your live away. Which is the price of being famous, that no one should pay.

Managers and the Process of Change Essay -- Business Management

Managers and the Process of ChangeThe desperate call-to-arms, Change or Die which can be heard echoing down the corridors of businesses everyplace is evidence that leaders have recognised the need to change. Managers know that companies must be fast, flexible, responsive, resilient, and creative to survive. Most also know that current mind-sets, techniques, and tools are inefficacious for creating such an organisation. These people are displaying the talents taked to successfully negotiate change. They are aware of the limitations around or within themselves and are willing to learn the infallible skills required to succeed as change handlers.Change is the abut of moving from one state to another. Just as moving house requires the massive packing of furniture and other items, change requires just as much preparations to be successful. Most people do not like change, they like things to remain the same. Changes require more effort to adapt. It threatens stability and security a nd people fear that they will not be able to cope. Resistance is the natural defence to such sensed threats.A good manager has to be able to work with and overcome resistance he/she must be able to control the whole process of change. With this in mind, I have makeed the role of the manager, what his/her function is and what skills are required to enable him/her to be a successful change manager.Function of ManagersFayol (1908) identified the functions of the manager as1. Setting objectives2. Organisation3. Motivation4. Control or measurement5. Co-ordinationThese functions are as true today as they were then, but I consider communication as the key to them. It is the essential function in successful change management. Drucke... ... Herts. Prentice Hall.Clegg et al. Palmer, G. ed. 1996. The Politics of Management Knoelwdge London. Sage Publications.Dawson, P. (1994). Organisational Change A Processual Approach Newcastle upon Tyne. Athenaeum Press Ltd.Dove, R. Essay 051.3/99 in Au tomotive Manufacturing & Production, Gardner Publications, Revised 5/99.Dove, R. Essay 058. Paradigm Shift International - Originally produce 10/99 www.parshift.comFayol, H. (1949). General and Industrial Management, London. Pitman. Hitler and His Henchmen 1999, The History Channel.Kotter, J.P. & Heskett, J.L. 1992. Corporate Culture and Performance. London. Pitman.Schneider, B. Leadership at the Edge of Chaos. Strategy & Leadership Magazine, Sept. 1997.Stewart, R. 1986. The Reality of Management. London. Pan Books. Vaill, P. The Quantum Organisation. avocation Week online. Accessed 03/04/2000

Major Features of the Vedic Religion :: Papers

Major Features of the Vedic Religion The Vedic Religion is based on the teachings of the Vedas, which signifies the way of living a sin free life. The Vedas argon the teachings of the religion Hinduism. There are different types of Vedas, each signifying different facts and opinions about the religion. The main schoolbook of the Vedic religion is the Rig Veda. The Rig Veda itself contains some 1,028 hymns of praise to a predominantly male group of deities who seem to personify various powers of nature such(prenominal) as fire, sky and rain. The fact that the hymns demonstrated a strong relationship with the presence of nature illustrates the Aryan feeling towards nature. The Rig Veda mainly concentrates on symbol rather than mythology. Although the hymns are based on symbolism, it is sometimes possible to gather various mythical themes. Another aspect that is mentioned in the Vedas is the panch mahabhutas. These are the five constituents which musical composition life on this planet, they are * Aakash (sky), * Vayu (air), * Agni (fire), * Jal (Water), * Prithvi (earth). Although the Vedas are very much alike except in their content of hymns, they all have the same principle, all Hindus should evanesce a sin free life. Within the Vedic religion, Hindus believe in many gods and goddesses. Some of them are human (e.g. Krishna, Rama , some animals (e.g. fish, monkey, rat, snake), (some animal-humans as in the elusion of Ganesh who has the head of elephant with trunk and the body of a human), and some others are natural phenomena (e.g. dawn, fire, sun). Their number is generally believed to be 330 million. According to Hindu belief, god incarnates and for example takes the cultivate of human being and other animals and appears in this earth in that form. Gods and goddesses were born like human beings and had wives and children. No god possesses absolute power some of the gods are weaker than each

The Coach That Never Came :: essays research papers

The book, The Coach That Never Came was a very interesting book. In the beginning, John, Steve, microphone, and Craig were all talking approximately their new baseball coach that they were going to be getting that day. The boys had neverheard of the man and no one in the town seemed to know who he was. The boys talk about their new coach all day while they are in school. After school was over that day, the boyswent to the baseball field to coif for their first day of baseball practice. Practice was to start at 330. It was 345 now, and their new coach hadnt arrived yet. The boys, along with the rest of the team, waited around for awhile for their coach to come. After waiting for about an hour,they became curious and decided that they would go to CoachAndersons house to see why he wasnt at practice. Craig said that he knew where the coach lived, because he had heard his mother talking on the phone about him. As the boys arrived at the house, they saw that the doorstep was partiall y open, so they decided to let themselves in since no one answered the door when they knocked. As the boys entered the house, they couldnt decide on which room they wanted to go in first. They quickly decided on that when they saw a person lying on the floor in the kitchen. The boys quickly ran out of the house and ran to Mikes house to call the police. When the police arrived to Mr. Andersons house, they told the boys that their coach had a heart attack and died. The boys were very upset by this since they had never even met the man. Eventually, the explanation goes on and the boys get a new coach, but they never really get over what the found that day.I feel that one of the main characters in this book would have to be Craig. He has black hair, green eyes and is of average height. Craig was just a usual guy until all of this happened to him. He stock good grades in school, and was a great student. Craigs parents were very proud of him and thought that he was the greatest son that anyone could ever have. Craig is a senior at Central High School, and was already crowned Homecoming King.

Genetic Engineering: Genetic Criticism :: Literature Essays Literary Criticism

Genetic Criticism Source study is a unique approach to a work of literature because it seems to have little to do with the completed work itself. Source study, or genetic criticism, has as its focus all of those things that influenced, or whitethorn have influenced, a literary work. By this branch of criticism, Wilfred Guerin explains, ... we mean the growth and development of a work as seen through a study of the authors manuscripts during the stages of study of the work, of notebooks, of sources and analogues, and of various other influences (not necessarily sociological or psychological) that lie in the background of the work (292). A genetic critic hopes to find clues as to the authors determination by noting and examining the choices an author has made during the production of a work. One of the assumptions made by these critics, Guerin adds, is that such research will lead to a richer, more completed appreciation of the work (292). In practice, the light of ap preciation, accumulated from such research, shines most brightly on the artist, while the work itself fades into the background. Perhaps this focus on the author is not such a bad thing. Chauncey Sanders writes that the study of a writers sources leads to a clearer understanding of an artists originality or lack of the same (165). While it may be reusable to spot literary robbery, Sanders believes that genetic criticism has a more important role It should not be confined to the discovery of such plagiarisms . . . but instead it should involve the analyzing of a piece of literature with a view to discovering whence came the inspiration, the material, and the technique whereby the work came into being (162). Again, though, it is the artist who is the main subject of this type of research. We must learn and study the sources of a Chaucer or a Shakespeare, writes Sanders, in order to appreciate the nature and extent of his originality (364-365). Any greater understan ding of the work would pass only indirectly from this approach to literature, an approach which seems especially susceptible to becoming a mere celebration of the artist. John Holmes analysis of Robert Frosts composition of Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening illustrates how genetic criticism tends to reveal more about the poet than the poem.

Meet the Miller Essay -- Canterbury Tales Essays

Meet the Miller In the General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer presents his reader with a blend of unlikely yet entertaining characters that go themselves on a pilgrimage to Canterbury. Chaucer then describes the different characteristics and the outward appearances of these characters at length. He probably does so in order to bring these characters to life, giving us a more vivid understanding of what kind of people they were. The Miller is one of the most vivid characters that I have encountered in Chaucers work for he is perfectly delineated as the man he is, without including any unnecessary detail. The Miller is described as a short and sturdy man who possesses spiritual strength. The undisputed champion of wrestling is he. He even seems virtuoso-like at firstThe millere was a stout churl for the nones Ful byg he was of brawn, and eek of bones.That proved wel, for over al ther he cam,At wrastlynge he wolde have alwey the ram.He was short-sholdred, brood, a thi kke knarre Norton, 545-549. Although he is said to possess extraordinary strength, he is described in a derogatory flair as we read the passage. It seems that he is more of a brawl-initiator than a hero. The man wrestles for the ram, probably a prize awarded at such matches, clearly a churl pastime. Even initially, it does not seem like we are dealing with a highly sophisticated person here. Actually, the Miller does use his head I but hope he does so in rare instances for the author mentions that ther was no dore that he nolde heve of harre, / or breke it at a rennyng with his heed (Norton, 550-551). There you have it. Our hero engages in heaving doors off their hinges or breaking them down with his head. But do ... ...nded by. The Miller is, in fact, described as the scum of society, but he is necessary scum. Chaucer presents us with the facts of life, and whether we may think they are disgusting or unsuitable to be presented to us in such a blunt manner, they essential be told, for they remain an undisputed piece of the Middle-English pie.SourcesAbrams, M. H. and Greenblatt, Stephen. eds. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. W.W. Norton & Company New York, 2000.Sumner, Laura. The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell.Smith College Studies in Modern Languages. V, No.4 Mass., 1924.http//www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/CT-prolog-para.html,10/24/00.http//www.sparknotes.com/ illumine/canterbury/, 10/24/00.http//www.classicnote.com/ClassicNotes/Titles/canterbury/,10/24/00.http//www.classicnote.com/ClassicNotes/Titles/canterbury/tale1.html, 10/24/00.

Genre Theory †Robocop Essay

Genre theory is essentially a structuralised method of categorising involves by common traits or multitudes. The stern for genre theory complys from mercifuls need to categorise things into neat sections and is one of the few image theories actually implemented more by the audience of brings preferably than film theorists and academics. As intelligent entities, human beings have a natural proclivity towards organizing the components of the world around them into ordered filing systems. (lumiere revolution 2004).However just rough films in a genre actually share conventions with films from other genres and borrow styles from other genres to make hybrid genres such(prenominal) as action comedies, acquaintance assembly/horror etc. The genre of a film depends on many features that make up the film text itself, from narrative to settings and themes in the story which the film has in common with other films (conventions). A collection of films with similar conventions which are grouped together make up a genre category such as horror, romance etc.The theory of semiotics to a fault comes into genre as semiotics is essentially the language of signs such as red commonly means danger, relating to genre signs are used to show the audience what type of film they are watching, visual cues such as the status setting or master(prenominal) characters which create the conventions of that genre. For example if someone goes to see a film in the action film genre they can expect to see a fast paced film with lots of spectacle possibly with special effects overshadowing the narrative, with the narrative usually based around conflict resolution.To look into how genre theory applies to capital of Minnesota Verhovens Robocop (1987) it is useful to look at the science fiction genre and exactly what conventions go into putting a film into the science fiction genre. The main(prenominal) convention in a science fiction film is in the setting, often set in a futuristic utopia or dystopia on estate or in seat where technology plays a large part in peoples lives. A major theme seen in science fiction is technology, again it hinges on the premise of what the future holds, and is usually either man against machine or a commentary on mans over trustfulness on machines.Science fiction films likewise often feature a social commentary on past events or present political or social issues which are paralleled in the film text. Refer to films like Paul Verhovens Starship Troopers 1997, which is essentially world war two in space and the theme of the Terminator films which features machines becoming so intelligent they nearly wipe out mankind, reflection on the increasing reliance on computers to do bewitching much everything.The reason I have chosen Robocop to apply genre theory to is simply because it is a very clear example of all the conventions which place a film in the science fiction genre. The setting makes it an obvious example of a science fict ion film, set in a futuristic dystopia (not ideal future) where the city of Detroit is run by big companies who have privatised the police force (social commentary on privatisation in America at the time, health dish out etc.)The future setting is a standard science fiction convention which clues the audience into what genre this film fits into as soon as they see the setting. The main story arc is centred on a project to create a robotic super police officer, future technology being another major convention of the genre. To bring the robots to life on screen require some very impressive special effects which again is something that the science fiction audience has come to expect in order to make the setting and subject matter of the genre believable.As I mentioned earlier science fiction films also track down to have subliminal commentaries on social issues and Robocop is no exception. The transformation of America into a consumerist nation is a big theme that runs clearly throug h this film, everything is about selling products, even the police force has been privatised and is treated as a product. Robocop is even directly referred to as a product when the subject of his name comes up Bob Morten simply states He doesnt have a name, he has a programme, hes a product (Robocop .P. Verhoven 1987). Verhoven also stages commercials throughout the film advertising fictional futuristic products again suggesting consumerism as a theme, even the main company in the film is called Omni Consumer Products. Replacing old with new is also a major part of the film, not only in the sense of Murphey being rebuilt into Robocop but also OCPs plans to demolish old Detroit in privilege of building Delta city, a city they can have total control over much like they have control over Robocop by scheduling him.Omni consumer products or OCP, a company that functions as the unseen and seemingly irresistible casual principle, as it sets about redesigning the human environment replaci ng old Detroit with the glimmering modern planned community of Delta City, complete as we learn , even to an element of planned crime and corruption. (J. P. Telotte Science Fiction Film pg 166) The main mend is about OCP creating a super cop robot that doesnt have the frailties of a human being, there are two projects seen in the film the initial to be tried out is the Ed 2009 project which is totally made of mechanical parts and is run by a computer.The Ed 2009 project lastly fails suggesting that with no human element to control the machines cannot function properly, rather than the other way round. The Robocop project is a combination of human and machine, with the brain programmed to take orders from OCP, with the human brain and mechanical body the project is a success which is perhaps a reference the ability of humans to think for themselves rather than blindly interest orders that may not be applicable in the context of the situation.Robocop is in my opinion a shining ex ample of what makes a science fiction film fit into its genre, this is supported by the very conventions of the science fiction genre, it has a distinct future setting which raises questions on what the future might hold, technology is also a major theme which is so often the case in the science fiction genre and also raises questions about morality and socialist issues. So just by looking at this film in particular you can use it as an example to show exactly what the typical conventions of a science fiction film should be.Film Theory Explication. Bibliography. Web Sites * http//www. main-vision. com/richard/genre. shtml * http//lumierevolution. blogspot. com/2004/10/genre-theory-science-fiction. html Internet source An introduction to genre theory Daniel Chandler. Texts An Introduction to genre theory Daniel Chandler. Science Fiction Film J. P. Telotte. The Science Fiction Film as an uncanny text pg 161 178 J. P. Telotte. Filmography. Robocop P. Verhoven 1987. Starship Troo pers P. Verhoven 1997 The Terminator- J. Cameron 1984 Terminator 2 J. Cameron 1991.

Cost Theory

nock up Theory in Economics A aboriginal economic concept is that narkting something requires giving up something else. For example, garnering more m adepty whitethorn require move arounding more hours, which be more leisure clipping. Economists intake constitute theory to provide a framework for understanding how individuals and firms allocate resources in such(prenominal) a way that keeps price low and services high. 1. Function * Economists suck up address as what an individual or firm must(prenominal) give up to get something else. Opening a manufacturing plant to get down goods requires an taboolay of currency.Once a plant owner knock offs money to manufacture goods, that money is no abundanter available for something else. Production facilities, machinery used in the proceeds process and plant workers argon all examples of appeal. Cost theory conjures an approach to understanding the prices of crossroadion that allows firms to determine the train of sidetrack that reaps the greatest direct of profit at the least(prenominal) cost. 2. Features * Cost theory contains various measures of cost. These include a firms hardened costs and variable star quantity costs. The former do non vary with the quantity of goods produced.Rent on a facility is an example of a fixed cost. Variable costs heighten with the quantity produced. If ontogenyd harvest-homeion requires more workers, for example, those workers wages ar variable costs. The add of fixed and variable costs is a firms replete(p) costs. * Additional Measures * Cost theory derives two redundant cost measures. Average total cost is the total cost divided by the number of goods produced. peripheral cost is the increase in total cost that results from increasing ingatheringion by one social unit of output.Marginalsincluding peripheral costs and b be(a) revenue ar key concepts in mainstream economic thought. Falling and Rising Costs * Economists practically use graph s, same to supply-and-demand charts, to expand cost theory and firms closes about production. An honest total cost curve is a U-shaped curve on an economic diagram. This shape illust reckons how average total costs decline as output rises and and then rise as bargon(a) costs increase. Average total costs decline at first because as production rises, average costs are distributed over a larger number of units of output.Eventually, marginal costs of increasing output rise, which increases average total costs. maximize Profits * Economic theory holds that the goal of a firm is to maximize profit, which equals total revenue minus total cost. Determining a level of production that generates the greatest level of profit is an important consideration, one that means paying attention to marginal costs, as substantially as marginal revenue (the increase in revenue arising from an increase in output). under(a) cost theory, as abundant as marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost, incre asing production willing raise profit.Types of Cost Economics Economists factor costs in m any different ways. Though you whitethorn read the cost of a soup outhouse at $1 as its listed on the grocery store shelf, economic experts view the cost of the soup can in very different ways. For example, an economist asks what you are giving up to buy that can of soup over a nonher item. They measure the firms cost of producing that soup can as it relates to their output and factors of production. gum olibanum, the different types of economic costs are varied. 1. Sunk Cost * A sunk cost is an expense that cannot be recouped.Mark Hirschy, author of the book, Fundamentals of managerial Economics, explains that sunk costs should not factor into a decision when deciding in the midst of alternatives. For example, express a person spent $50,000 on a decimal point in procreation and earns $60,000 as a teacher. She is later offered a telephone line in marting that pays her $80,000. Though s he may be tempted to factor in her education degree as reason to stay in her current teaching billet, her $50,000 degree is regarded as a sunk cost. She already spent this money, and it cannot be recouped.In this case, she should barely compare the respective salaries of the positions. If all else is held equal, she should pursue the marketing job. Opportunity Cost * An hazard cost is the foster of an alternative choice. Though the word cost commonly equates to a numerical honour, give care a dollar figure, this is not always the case. William Baumol and Alan Blinder, authors of the book, Economics Principles and Policy, state that an opportunity cost calculates intangible things like time, location and job satisfaction.They explain opportunity costs are what you give up to follow one course of action. For example, a college graduate is deciding between a job as a tech consultant in Seattle or an investment broker in New York City. If the grad pursues the investment broker p osition, the opportunity costs of foregoing the job in Seattle could be a slower pace of life, $10,000 higher salary and lower costs of living like rent and food. * Marginal Cost * A marginal cost is the measuring stick it takes to produce one more item.Under this view of costs, they vary a farseeing the production line and in well-nigh cases the cost to produce a good reduces over time. Intuitively, this makes sense the more proficient you become at producing a good, the faster you can do it and little(prenominal)(prenominal) waste is produced. The deliverances in labor and material as you achieve economies of plateful means the cost of production usually decreases. The way economists feel the marginal cost is by taking the derivative of the total costs as it relates to the total output. How to Find Marginal Cost in EconomicsDeciding whether to produce more units is often based on marginal cost. The economic concept of marginal cost is the cost associated with producing one plusal unit. This information is important to businesses because it allows the company to learn if the additional unit is expense producing from a financial standpoint. When a company produces a teeny amount of product, the cost of additional units often decrease. However, marginal costs increase when additional units are added once the production level reaches a minimum. This is based on the rightfulness of diminishing marginal returns.Instructions 1. * 1 Calculate the stir in total variable cost. This is the amount that the costs increase by after additional units are produced. For example, if youd like to produce more T-shirts and the increase in output would change the costs by $century, then the total variable cost is $100. * 2 Find the change in quantity produced. This represents how many additional units you would like to produce in the given scenario. For example, the change in quantity would be 50 if youd like to produce 300 T-shirts kinda of 250. * 3 Divide the chang e in total variable costs from Step 1 by the change in quantity from Step 2. This will give you the marginal cost (marginal cost = the change in total variable cost/the change in quantity). For this example, $100 (the change in total variable cost) / 50 (the change in quantity) = $2 in marginal costs, which is the cost of producing each additional T-shirt. What Is the Relationship Between Production Cost? Production costs are link up to the cost of materials and labor.The relationship between production and cost in any manufacturing process varies based on volume produced and whether any part of the manufacturing process is outsourced or performed by subcontractors. Additionally, production and cost ratios vary based on the amount of automation drived in production and the amount of human oversight and stake required. 1. Factors of Production * The main factors of production are labor, capital and supply costs. Capital is specify as equipment, cash reserves, and physical locati on or production facility.Labor is defined as the amount of and cost of manpower required to bring a product to market. This includes not only the physical labor and oversight related to product production, but similarly the associated costs of salaries of positions such as managers, delivery drivers, warehouse supervisors, marketing directors and even administrative service. Supply costs are any tippytoe associated with securing necessary materials for production. Subcontractor or outsourced work is considered a supply cost as well, as the manufacturer is essentially purchasing a product or answer for use in the production process.In this example, work such as offsite creation of product packaging or assembly of minor components of a finished product are considered supply costs in the same way the purchase of raw materials are considered supply costs. Volume of Production * Volume of production figures specify the amount of products being produced. Typically, the great the vo lume the lower the cost per unit as raw material suppliers often offer discounts on mass or bulk clubs. Volume of production is based on a companys anticipated product needs, past sales records and placed orders. *Volume of assembly line * The relationship between production and cost is frequently determined by the volume of business a company is doing. An example that illustrates this point is a transnational vitamin supplement company that produces vitamins in bulk compared to a small health food chain that produces its own vitamin line in small quantities. The cost of the product produced by the small company will typically be greater than the cost of the product offered by the bulk manufacturer because the smaller company produces its product in smaller volumes. Price Points The more it costs a company to produce a product, the greater price the company will induce to confide consumers. A companys production costs include the price of materials, the cost of manpower, the pro duction and packaging process, advertising, and distribution. Mass producers may be able to offer more competitive pricing to end users because they have the luxury of working on a thin margin due to the large volume of production. In microeconomics, the long trial is the conceptual time period in which there are no fixed factors of production as to changing the output level by changing the capital stock or by entering or leaving an attention.The long rifle contrasts with the short run, in which some factors are variable and others are fixed, constraining entry or exit from an industry. In macroeconomics, the long run is the period when the general price level, contractual wage rates, and expectations castigate fully to the state of the economy, in contrast to the short run when these variables may not fully adjust. 1 In the long run, firms change production levels in solution to (expected) economic profits or losses, and the land, labor, capital goods and entrepreneurship vary to reach associated long-run average cost.In the simplified case of plant depicted object as the only fixed factor, a generic firm can make these changes in the long run * enter an industry in response to (expected) profits * leave an industry in response to losses * increase its plant in response to profits * decrease its plant in response to losses. Long-run average-cost curve with economies of scale to Q2 and diseconomies of scale thereafter. The long run is associated with the long-run average cost (LRAC) curve in microeconomic models along which a firm would minimize its average cost (cost per unit) for each respective long-run quantity of output.Long-run marginal cost (LRMC) is the added cost of providing an additional unit of service or commodity from changing capacity level to reach the lowest cost associated with that extra output. LRMC equalling price is efficient as to resource allocation in the long run. The concept of long-run cost is also used in determining whether the long-run expected to induce the firm to remain in the industry or shut down production there. In long-run equilibrium of an industry in which perfect competition prevails, the LRMC = Long run average LRAC at the minimum LRAC and associated output.The shape of the long-run marginal and average costs curves is determined by economies of scale. The long run is a planning and implementation stage. 23 Here a firm may decide that it needs to produce on a larger scale by building a new plant or adding a production line. The firm may decide that new technology should be incorporated into its production process. The firm thus considers all its long-run production options and selects the optimal combination of inputs and technology for its long-run urposes. 4 The optimal combination of inputs is the least-cost combination of inputs for desired level of output when all inputs are variable. 3 Once the decisions are made and implemented and production begins, the firm is operate in the sh ort run with fixed and variable inputs. 35 Short run All production in real time occurs in the short run. The short run is the conceptual time period in which at least one factor of production is fixed in amount and others are variable in amount.Costs that are fixed, say from existing plant size, have no trespass on a firms short decisions, since only variable costs and revenues affect short-run profits. Such fixed costs raise the associated short-run average cost of an output long-run average cost if the amount of the fixed factor is break up suited for a different output level. In the short run, a firm can raise output by increasing the amount of the variable factor(s), say labor through overtime. A generic firm already producing in an industry can make three changes in the short run as a response to reach a posited equilibrium * increase production decrease production * shut down. In the short run, a increasing firm will * increase production if marginal cost is less than mar ginal revenue (added revenue per additional unit of output) * decrease production if marginal cost is greater than marginal revenue * continue producing if average variable cost is less than price per unit, even if average total cost is greater than price * shut down if average variable cost is greater than price at each level of output. Transition from short run to long runThe musical passageion from the short run to the long run may be done by considering some short-run equilibrium that is also a long-run equilibrium as to supply and demand, then comparing that state a make waterst a new short-run and long-run equilibrium state from a change that disturbs equilibrium, say in the sales-tax rate, tracing out the short-run adjustment first, then the long-run adjustment. Each is an example of comparative statics. Alfred Marshall (1890) pioneered in comparative-static period synopsis. 6 He istinguished between the temporary or market period (with output fixed), the short period, and the long period. Classic contemporary graphical and formal treatments include those of Jacob Viner (1931),7 John Hicks (1939),8 and Paul Samuelson (1947). 9 The law of diminishing marginal returns The law of diminishing marginal returns to a variable factor applies to the short run. 10 It posits an effect of decreased added or marginal product of from variable factors, which increases the supply price of added output. 11 The law is related to a positive slope of the short-run marginal-cost curve. 12 Macroeconomic usages The usage of long run and short run in macroeconomics differs somewhat from the to a higher place microeconomic usage. J. M. Keynes (1936) emphasized livestockamental factors of a market economy that might result in prolonged periods away from full-employment. 13 In later macro usage, the long run is the period in which the price level for the economy is completely flexible as to shifts in aggregate demand and aggregate supply. In addition there is full mobility of labor and capital between sectors of the economy and full capital mobility between nations.In the short run none of these conditions need fully hold. The price is sticky or fixed as to changes in aggregate demand or supply, capital is not fully mobile between sectors, and capital is not fully mobile to interest rate differences among countries & fixed exchange rates. 14 A famous critique of neglecting short-run analysis was by John Maynard Keynes, who wrote that In the long run, we are all dead, referring to the long-run proposition of the quantity theory of, for example, a doubling of the money supply doubling the price level. 15 MarginalAnalysis thought process at theMargin From Mike Moffatt, former About. com Guide From an economists perspective, making choices involves making decisions at the margin that is, making decisions based on small changes in resources * How should I spend the next hour? * How should I spend the next dollar? On the surface, this seems like a strange w ay of considering the choices made by lot and firms. It is thought processlistic that someone would consciously ask themselves How will I spend dollar number 24,387? , How will I spend dollar number 24,388? . Treating the problem in this matter does have some distinct advantages * Doing so leads to the optimal decisions being made, subject to preferences, resources and informational constraints. * It makes the problem less messy from an analytic point of view, as we are not trying to analyze a billion decisions at once. * While this does not exactly mimic conscious decision making processes, it does provide results similar to the decisions nation actually make. That is, populate may not think using this method, but the decisions they make are as if they do.Marginal Analysis An Example Consider the decision on how many hours to work, as given by the following chart mo Hourly Wage Value of fourth dimension Hour 1 $10 $2 Hour 2 $10 $2 Hour 3 $10 $3 Hour 4 $10 $3 Hou r 5 $10 $4 Hour 6 $10 $5 Hour 7 $10 $6 Hour 8 $10 $8 Hour 9 $15 $9 Hour 10 $15 $12 Hour 11 $15 $18 Hour 12 $15 $20 The hourly wage represents what I earn for working an extra hour it is the marginal gain or the marginal benefit. The value of time is essentially an opportunity cost it is how much I value having that hour off.In this example it represents a marginal cost what it costs me by working an additional hour. The increase in marginal costs is a common phenomenon I do not mind working a few hours since there are 24 hours in a day. I still have plenty of time to do other things. However, as I start to work more hours it reduces the number of hours I have for other activities. I have to start giving up more and more invaluable opportunities to work those extra hours. It is clear that I should work the first hour, as I gain $10 in marginal benefits and lose only $2 in marginal costs, for a net gain of $8.By the same logic I should work the second and third hou rs as well. I will want to work until which time the marginal cost exceeds the marginal benefit. I will want to work the 10th hour as I receive a net benefit of 3 (marginal benefit of $15, marginal cost of $12). However, I will not want to work the 11th hour, as the marginal cost ($18) exceeds the marginal benefit ($15) by three dollars. Thus marginal analysis suggests that rational maximizing behavior is to work for 10 hours. Next Lesson Market Distortions Altering the Supply and Demand Equilibrium.Marginal Analysis * Marginal receipts Glossary Dictionary Definition of Marginal tax revenue * Marginal Significance Value Glossary Dictionary Definition of Marginal Si * Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost Practice Question Related Articles * Running a Private Practice Working with Animals * Work Stress Long Work Hours argon Not the Culprit * Open for Business Scheduling Your Week Being a Personal Trainer * Three Union Work Rules That Increase the Cost of Operating Transit * Hol d On to Your Sanity Start Your Own Business AN INTRODUCTION TOCOST BENEFIT ANALYSIS * Background * Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) accounts and totals up the akin money value of the benefits and costs to the community of chores to establish whether they are worthy. These objectifys may be dams and highways or can be training programs and health care systems. * The idea of this economic accounting originated with Jules Dupuit, a French engineer whose 1848 article is still worth reading. The British economist, Alfred Marshall, formulated some of the formal concepts that are at the basis of CBA.But the practical development of CBA came as a result of the impetus provided by the Federal Navigation Act of 1936. This act required that the U. S. Corps of Engineers carry out insures for the improvement of the waterway system when the total benefits of a project to whomsoever they accrue exceed the costs of that project. Thus, the Corps of Engineers had created systematic methods for mea suring such benefits and costs. The engineers of the Corps did this without much, if any, assistance from the economics profession.It wasnt until about twenty days later in the 1950s that economists tried to provide a rigorous, consistent set of methods for measuring benefits and costs and deciding whether a project is worthwhile. Some technical issues of CBA have not been wholly resolved even now but the fundamental presented in the following are well established. * Principles of Cost Benefit Analysis * One of the problems of CBA is that the computation of many components of benefits and costs is intuitively obvious but that there are others for which intuition fails to suggest methods of measurement. therefore some basic principles are needed as a guide. at that place Must Be a Common Unit of Measurement * In order to reach a conclusion as to the desirability of a project all aspects of the project, positive and negative, must be verbalised in impairment of a common unit i. e . , there must be a bottom line. The most convenient common unit is money. This means that all benefits and costs of a project should be measured in terms of their kindred money value. A program may provide benefits which are not directly expressed in terms of dollars but there is some amount of money the recipients of the benefits would consider just as good as the projects benefits.For example, a project may provide for the elderly in an world a free monthly visit to a doctor. The value of that benefit to an elderly recipient is the minimum amount of money that that recipient would take instead of the medical care. This could be less than the market value of the medical care provided. It is assumed that more esoteric benefits such as from preserving open space or historic sites have a finite equivalent money value to the public. * Not only do the benefits and costs of a project have to be expressed in terms of equivalent money value, but they have to be expressed in terms of do llars of a particular time.This is not just due to the differences in the value of dollars at different measure because of inflation. A dollar available five years from now is not as good as a dollar available now. This is because a dollar available now can be invested and earn interest for five years and would be worth more than a dollar in five years. If the interest rate is r then a dollar invested for t years will grow to be (1+r)t. Therefore the amount of money that would have to be deposited now so that it would grow to be one dollar t years in the future is (1+r)-t.This called the discounted value or present value of a dollar available t years in the future. * When the dollar value of benefits at some time in the future is multiplied by the discounted value of one dollar at that time in the future the result is discounted present value of that benefit of the project. The same thing applies to costs. The net benefit of the projects is just the sum of the present value of the benefits less the present value of the costs. * The choice of the appropriate interest rate to use for the discounting is a separate issue that will be treated later in this paper. CBA Valuations Should Represent Consumers or Producers Valuations As Revealed by Their Actual Behavior * The valuation of benefits and costs should reflect preferences stoped by choices which have been made. For example, improvements in transportation frequently involve saving time. The question is how to measure the money value of that time salve. The value should not be merely what transportation planners think time should be worth or even what people say their time is worth. The value of time should be that which the public reveals their time is worth through choices involving tradeoffs between time and money.If people have a choice of parking close to their destination for a fee of 50 cents or parking farther away and spending 5 minutes more walking and they always choose to spend the money and sav e the time and effort then they have revealed that their time is more valuable to them than 10 cents per minute. If they were indifferent between the two choices they would have revealed that the value of their time to them was exactly 10 cents per minute. * The most challenging part of CBA is finding past choices which reveal the tradeoffs and equivalencies in preferences.For example, the valuation of the benefit of cleaner air could be established by finding how much less people paid for housing in more polluted areas which otherwise was identical in characteristics and location to housing in less polluted areas. Generally the value of cleaner air to people as revealed by the hard market choices seems to be less than their rhetorical valuation of clean air. * Benefits Are Usually Measured by Market Choices * When consumers make purchases at market prices they reveal that the things they buy are at least as beneficial to them as the money they relinquish.Consumers will increase the ir consumption of any commodity up to the point where the benefit of an additional unit (marginal benefit) is equal to the marginal cost to them of that unit, the market price. Therefore for any consumer buying some of a commodity, the marginal benefit is equal to the market price. The marginal benefit will decline with the amount consumed just as the market price has to decline to get consumers to consume a greater quantity of the commodity. The relationship between the market price and the quantity consumed is called the demand schedule.Thus the demand schedule provides the information about marginal benefit that is needed to place a money value on an increase in consumption. * Gross Benefits of an Increase in Consumption is an Area Under the Demand Curve * The increase in benefits resulting from an increase in consumption is the sum of the marginal benefit times each incremental increase in consumption. As the incremental increases considered are interpreted as smaller and smalle r the sum goes to the area under the marginal benefit curve. But the marginal benefit curve is the same as the demand curve so the increase in benefits is the area under the demand curve.As shown in Figure 1 the area is over the range from the lower limit of consumption before the increase to consumption after the increase. * Figure 1 * When the increase in consumption is small compared to the total consumption the gross benefit is adequately approximated, as is shown in a welfare analysis, by the market value of the increased consumption i. e. , market price times the increase in consumption. * Some Measurements of Benefits Require the Valuation of Human Life * It is sometimes necessary in CBA to evaluate the benefit of saving human lives.There is considerable antipathy in the general public to the idea of placing a dollar value on human life. Economists recognize that it is impossible to fund every project which promises to save a human life and that some rational basis is needed to select which projects are approved and which are dark down. The controversy is defused when it is recognized that the benefit of such projects is in reducing the risk of death. There are many cases in which people voluntarily accept increased risks in return for higher pay, such as in the oil fields or mining, or for time savings in higher hotfoot in automobile travel.These choices can be used to estimate the personal cost people place on increased risk and thus the value to them of reduced risk. This computation is equivalent to placing an economic value on the expected number of lives saved. * The Analysis of a run into Should Involve a With Versus Without Comparison * The impact of a project is the difference between what the situation in the study area would be with and without the project. This that when a project is being evaluated the analysis must estimate not only what the situation would be with the project but also what it would be without the project.For example, i n determining the impact of a fixed guideway rapid transit system such as the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) in the San Francisco Bay Area the number of rides that would have been taken on an amplification of the bus system should be deducted from the rides provided by BART and likewise the additional costs of such an expanded bus system would be deducted from the costs of BART. In other words, the alternative to the project must be explicitly condition and considered in the evaluation of the project. Note that the with-and-without comparison is not the same as a before-and-after comparison. another(prenominal) example shows the importance of considering the impacts of a project and a with-and-without comparison. Suppose an irrigation project proposes to increase cotton production in Arizona. If the United States Department of horticulture limits the cotton production in the U. S. by a system of quotas then expanded cotton production in Arizona might be commencement exercise by a reduction in the cotton production quota for Mississippi. Thus the impact of the project on cotton production in the U. S. might be zero rather than being the amount of cotton produced by the project. * Cost Benefit Analysis Involves a Particular Study Area The impacts of a project are defined for a particular study area, be it a city, region, state, nation or the world. In the above example concerning cotton the impact of the project might be zero for the nation but still be a positive amount for Arizona. * The nature of the study area is usually specified by the organization sponsoring the analysis. Many effects of a project may net out over one study area but not over a smaller one. The specification of the study area may be arbitrary but it may significantly affect the conclusions of the analysis. * Double count of Benefits or Costs Must be Avoided Sometimes an impact of a project can be measured in two or more ways. For example, when an improved highway reduces travel time an d the risk of injury the value of quality in areas served by the highway will be enhanced. The increase in property values due to the project is a very good way, at least in principle, to measure the benefits of a project. But if the increased property values are included then it is unnecessary to include the value of the time and lives saved by the improvement in the highway. The property value went up because of the benefits of the time saving and the reduced risks.To include both the increase in property values and the time saving and risk reduction would involve effigy counting. * Decision Criteria for Projects * If the discounted present value of the benefits exceeds the discounted present value of the costs then the project is worthwhile. This is equivalent to the condition that the net benefit must be positive. Another equivalent condition is that the ratio of the present value of the benefits to the present value of the costs must be greater than one. * If there are more t han one mutually unshared project that have positive net present value then there has to be further analysis.From the set of mutually exclusive projects the one that should be selected is the one with the highest net present value. * If the funds required for carrying out all of the projects with positive net present value are less than the funds available this means the discount rate used in computing the present values is too low and does not reflect the true(a) cost of capital. The present values must be recomputed using a higher discount rate. It may take some trial and error to find a discount rate such that the funds required for the projects with a positive net present value is no more than the funds available.Sometimes as an alternative to this procedure people try to select the best projects on the basis of some measure of goodness such as the internecine rate of return or the benefit/cost ratio. This is not valid for several reasons. * The magnitude of the ratio of bene fits to costs is to a degree arbitrary because some costs such as operating(a) costs may be deducted from benefits and thus not be included in the cost figure. This is called netting out of operating costs. This netting out may be done for some projects and not for others.This manipulation of the benefits and costs will not affect the net benefits but it may change the benefit/cost ratio. However it will not raise the benefit cost ratio which is less than one to above one. For more on this topic see Benefit/ cost Ratio Magnitude. * An Example * To illustrate how CBA might be applied to a project, let us consider a highway improvement such as the extension of Highway 101 into San Jose. The local four-lane highway which carried the freeway and commuter traffic into San Jose did not have a median divider and its inordinate number of fatal head-on collisions led to the name Blood Alley. The improvement of the highway would lead to more capacity which produces time saving and lowers the risk. But inevitably there will be more traffic than was carried by the old highway. * The following is a highly decrease analysis using hypothetical data. TRIP DATA No Extension, Blood Alley Only 101 Extension and Blood Alley Rush Hours passenger Trips (per hour) 3,000 4,000 Trip Time (minutes) 50 30 Value of Time ($/minute) $0. 10 $0. 10 Nonrush Hours Passenger Trips (per hour) 500 555. 55 Trip Time (minutes) 35 25 Value of Time ($/minute) $0. 08 $0. 08 Traffic Fatalities per year) 12 6 * The data indicates that for rush-hour trips the time cost of a trip is $5 without the project and $3 with it. It is assumed that the operating cost for a vehicle is unaffected by the project and is $4. * The project lowers the cost of a trip and the public responds by increasing the number of trips taken. There is an increase in consumer surplus both for the trips which would have been taken without the project and for the trips which are stimulated by the project. * For trips which would h ave been taken anyway the benefit of the project equals the value of the time saved times the number of trips.For the rush-hour trip the project saves $2 and for the nonrush-hour trip it saves $0. 80. For the trips generated by the project the benefit is equal to one fractional of the value of the time saved times the increase in the number of trips. * The benefits per hour are TYPE Trips Which Would Be Taken Anyway Trips Generated By the Project Total Rush Hour 6,000. 00 1,000. 00 7,000. 00 Nonrush Hour 400. 00 22. 22 422. 22 * To convert the benefits to an annual basis one multiplies the hourly benefits of each type of trip times the number of hours per year for that type of trip.There are 260 week days per year and at six rush hours per weekday there are 1560 rush hours per year. This leaves 7200 nonrush hours per year. With these figures the annual benefits are TYPE Trips Which Would Be Taken Anyway Trips Generated By the Project Total Rush Hour $9,360,000 $1,560,000 $10,020,00 0 Nonrush Hour $2,880,000 $160,000 $3,040,000 Total $12,240,000 $1,720,000 $13,960,000 * The value of the reduced fatalities may be computed in terms of the equivalent economic value people place upon their lives when making choices concerning risk and money.If the labor market has wages for occupations of different risks such that people accept an increase in the risk of death of 1/1,000 per year in return for an increase in income of $400 per year then a project that reduces the risk of death in a year by 1/1000 gives a benefit to each person affected by it of $400 per year. The implicit valuation of a life in this case is $400,000. Thus benefit of the reduced risk project is the expected number of lives saved times the implicit value of a life. For the highway project this is 6x$400,000= $2,400,000 annually. * The annual benefits of the project are thusTYPE OF BENEFIT VALUE OF BENEFITS PER YEAR Time Saving $13,960,000 Reduced Risk $2,400,000 * Let us assume that this level of ben efits continues at a constant rate over a thirty-year lifetime of the project. * The cost of the highway consists of the costs for its right-of-way, its construction and its maintenance. The cost of the right-of-way is the cost of the land and any structures upon it which must be purchased before the construction of the highway can begin. For purposes of this example the cost of right-of-way is taken to be $100 million and it must be paid before any construction can begin.At least part of the right-of- way cost for a highway can be recovered at the end of the lifetime of the highway if it is not rebuilt. For the example it is assumed that all of the right-of-way cost is redeemable at the end of the thirty-year lifetime of the project. The construction cost is $200 million spread evenly over a four-year period. Maintenance cost is $1 million per year once the highway is completed. * The schedule of benefits and costs for the project are as follows TIME (year) BENEFITS ($millions) RI GHT-OF -WAY ($millions) CONSTRUCTION COSTS $millions) MAINTENANCE ($millions) 0 0 100 0 0 1-4 0 0 50 0 5-29 16. 36 0 0 1 30 16. 36 -100 0 1 * The benefits and costs are in constant value dollars i. e. , there was no price increase included in the analysis. Therefore the discount rate used must be the real interest rate. If the interest rate on long term bonds is 8 percent and the rate of inflation is 6 percent then the real rate of interest is 2 percent. Present value of the streams of benefits and costs discounted at a 2 percent back to time zero are as follows PRESENT VALUE $ millions) Benefits 304. 11 Costs Right-of-Way 44. 79 Construction 190. 39 Maintenance 18. 59 Total Costs 253. 77 Net Benefits 50. 35 *independent rounding * The positive net present value of $50. 35 million and benefit/cost ratio of 1. 2 indicate that the project is worthwhile if the cost of capital is 2 percent. When a discount rate of 3 percent is the benefit/cost ratio is slightly under 1. 0. This me ans that the internal rate of return is just under 3 percent. When the cost of capital is 3 percent the project is not worthwhile. It should be noted that the market value of the right-of-way understates the opportunity cost of having the land devoted to the highway. The land has a value of $100 million because of its income after property taxes. The economy is paying more for its replacing use but some of the payment is diverted for taxes. The discounted presented value of the payments for the alternate use might be more like $150 million instead of $100 million. Another way of making this point is that one of the costs of the highway is that the local governments lose the property tax on the land used. * stocky By reducing the positive and negative impacts of a project to their equivalent money value Cost-Benefit Analysis determines whether on balance the project is worthwhile. The equivalent money value are based upon information derived from consumer and producer market choice s i. e. , the demand and supply schedules for the goods and services affected by the project. Care must be taken to properly allow for such things as inflation. When all this has been considered a worthwhile project is one for which the discounted value of the benefits exceeds the discounted value of the costs i. . , the net benefits are positive. This is equivalent to the benefit/cost ratio being greater than one and the internal rate of return being greater than the cost of capital. * History of Cost-Benefit Analysis * CBA has its origins in the water development projects of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. The Corps of Engineers had its origins in the French engineers hired by George Washington in the American Revolution. For years the only condition of engineering in the United States was the Military Academy at West Point, New York. In 1879, Congress created the Mississippi River counselling to prevent destructive floods. The Commission included civilians but the president had to be an Army engineer and the Corps of Engineers always had veto power over any decision by the Commission. * In 1936 Congress passed the Flood Control Act which contained the wording, the Federal Government should improve or participate in the improvement of navigable waters or their tributaries, including watersheds thereof, for flood-control purposes if the benefits to whomsoever they may accrue are in excess of the estimated costs. The phrase if the benefits to whomsoever they may accrue are in excess of the estimated costs established cost-benefit analysis. Initially the Corps of Engineers substantial ad hoc methods for estimating benefits and costs. It wasnt until the 1950s that academic economists discovered that the Corps had developed a system for the economic analysis of public investments. Economists have influenced and improved the Corps methods since then and cost-benefit analysis has been adapted to most areas of public decision-making.

A warm welcome to BN2102 Bioengineering data analysis Essay

Understand the statistical compendium that commonly accompanies publication of experimental data in scientific literature. Perform the appropriate statistical analysis for a given clip of experimental data. Estimate a parameter of interest by performing a suitable fitting to a set of experimental data. Create a suitable mathematical model based on the available experimental data.The module is divided in two parts. The premiere part will be taught by Chen Peiyi of the department of Statistics and Applied Probability while the second part will be taught by Dr Alberto Corrias of the Department of Bioengineering.Some of the sessions will be conducted in the computer cluster rooms (block E2, level 3). For those sessions, the class is divided in 4 groups. Please check the IVLE to hang which group you belong to and the Lesson Plan to check the exact locations and timings.The assessment is a combination of Continuous Assessment (CA) and final exam as followsCA of part 1 20%CA of part 2 20%Final exam 60%The nature of the CA will be condition by each lecturer in due course. The final exam will be closed book. No aidsheet will be allowed. Statistical tables will be provided if necessary. Please bring your calculator, however please note that programmable calculators will NOT be allowed.We hope you will enjoy BN2102 scoop up wishes,The teaching staff.

Philosophy Of Education In Early Childhood Education Essay

My Philosophy of pedagogics in Early Childhood Education Pre-primary institutions mark the beginning of give instructioning for primaeval puerility on their little stage of growth. Teachers of kindergarten be going on a mission to promote the whole-person development of the early childhood. During the teaching method process, both experiences and theory are embraced in order to post early childhood a good quality of schooling. Cerebration is the foundation of action and theory is the controller of practice. Educator wants to compass the improvements on education need to sure that the improvement can endure the time and trials.It needs to assist with philosophy of education (Lin, 2011, P. 3). Teachers should have their own philosophy of education in order to achieve a good performance on education. For me, Topic Write an essay to express your own Philosophy of Education in Early Childhood Education encourage, children-centered curriculum and promote critical- sentiment are the three main philosophies. For encourage, it implies two indications. They are providing an encouraging environments and prominent children encouragements. The definition of the former one is to ask instructor to decorate a pleasurable and welcoming environment previously.For example, to decorate the classroom with colorful flowers like a garden. It can make children relieve without any fear. My idea is supported by Reggio Emilias approach. He recognized environment is a teacher. In addition, teacher should reset the environment while celebrating festival or teaching new unit in order to allow children to learn under a symphonious environment and boost the learning efficiency. Alternatively, if the classroom is lacking of entertaining decoration, it will give children the feeling of solemn and create stress which make them can non behave well.The definition of the later one is to give children encouragements by appreciating what they have done. When children finish the task or answer question, say good, well-done to them. all the same they get the wrong the answers, teacher can still give them a smile and ask them to try again. Children may feel confident after get the encouragements from teacher. As children want to get teachers praise, they may present on their best way and will be more participative. As a result,children can learn peacefully during school days. Besides encourage, I promote curriculum to be children-centered.That is to teach what children prefer. Childrens aspirations are their free will. That is inborn, only if unluckily being destroyed (Montessori, 1972, P. 56). This philosophy is affected by Reggio Emilia as well. He promoted child-centered which was to plane according to childrens interest. Children in early childhood are full of curiosity. As a teacher, we should satisfy their learning desires and plan curriculum based on their interests. Teacher may ask children what they want to recognise during circle time, or though daily contact and observation.By planning corresponding curriculum of what childrendesired, it can prove that children will be interested on it. On the other hand, children may feel that their views are being understood and accepted. A better relationship will be built between children and teacher. Furthermore, I would also like to promote critical thinking in my philosophy. By implementing the 334 new academic structure on 2009, liberal study became an obligatory subject. It implies that Hong Kong highlights critical thinking on our next generation nowadays. There are no doubts that skills of reading, writing, listening and speaking are in the key learning area.However, it is reminded that critical thinking should not be absent in early childhood. Children are initiative inborn, to develop childrens initiative is an important mission for teacher (Lin, 2011, P. 165). For children in early childhood, teacher may arrange experiment for children to do and guide them to record down the resul t. Besides, small project can be hold frequently in order to give chances for children to learn from themselves. It is vital that teacher guide children to respond on certain unit but not by teaching though spoon-fed education blindly.The major premise of the educational innovation is student, based on assisting everyone to achieve whole-person development though lifelong learning (Kennedy, 2011, P. 53). The cultivation of critical thinking can help children on problem solving and learn more efficiently in their study. As result, achieve and support the goal of lifelong learning. I ASSENT MONTESSORI AND MY PHILOSOPHY ARE GREATLY A? ECTED BY IT. IT highlights the importance of providing environments and giving freedom to children.Well-prepared learning materials can attract children to learn, environment is the first cistron to be drive learning. Moreover, I insist that freedom should be given to student for what they want to learn. Creativity and problem solving talent can graze in the meanwhile for children. Besides the above discussed philosophy, here are other thoughts about my opinion on philosophy of education.One of my secondary school teachers said that education isdistinct with other career as teachers are constructing heart to heart relationship with students. That is so true since teacher need to work with their existent mind. For me, I do think that passion is one of the main elements of being a teacher.Without the passion, teacher may feel dull and fatigue of the job easily. Yet, a teacher work with enthusiasm may review and alter the measurement all the time depending on the needs of children. Teacher is having a role of educating and socialise children, what teacher did will have positive effect on childrens personal growth. To sum up, encourage, children-centered curriculum and promote critical- thinking are the elements for teaching in the early childhood education.Since children may cause psychological and emotion frustration on adapting a newecological environment from homes. So, teacher should provide encouraging environments and give children encouragements. Curriculum should be plan accord to the interests, developmental characteristics and learning needs of children but not the teacher.Also, critical thinking is necessary to be trained in childrens early age. References Lin, Y. T. (2011). Philosophy of Early Childhood Education TW WU-NAN. Montessori, Maria. (1972). The Secret of Childhood NY Ballantine Books. Kennedy K. J. (2011) Interpret the new trend of HKs education HK The Chinese University Press.

Ethan Frome Questions

1. The symbolism of the light of Matties candle and the darkness of the Fromes room is that the light represents hope and love that Ethan desires which Zeena does not have. The darkness of Zeena is what is in the way of Ethans love for Mattie. 2. Ethan feels a dread in Zeenas silence on this particular morning because Ethans mind becomes preoccupied with Mattie. He regrets not kissing her the wickedness before and his thinks close the relationship between Zeena and Mattie which has been weird lately. 3. Zeenas sudden decision to see a in the altogether doctor on this particular morning is unusual.Ethan dreads her decision because of the cost of the medications she will get. He welcomes her decision because this is the first time Zeena will be away for the night and him and Mattie will be alone together. 4. Ethans excuse for not driving Zeena to the flats is that he needs to go collect the cash from Andrew Hale upon his delivery of a load of wood that afternoon. Chapter 4 1. Ethans fantasy about the kitchen was that him and Mattie would sit together, one on each side of the stove he would be ingest his pipe and she would be laughing and talking in the funny way she did. 2.Zeenas arrival affects Ethan because it made him feel less lonely. Fearing the return of his loneliness when his make died, Ethan asked Zeena to marry him. 3. Ethans motives for remaining on the farm were that he wanted to sell the farm and saw-mill and try moving to a larger town because he had always wanted to be an engineer. He thought that with a smart wife the likes of Zeena it would be easy for him to make a place for himself. 4. The situations on the farm life and home life affected Ethan because he was never able to sell his farm and his wife had become so sick that completely his hopes were crushed and he could never live his dream. . Ruth and Ned contrast Ethan and Mattie because Ruth and Ned are engaged and can show their love for each other in public and they can share their ha ppiness. On the other hand, Ethan and Mattie have such a thirst for each other in their hearts (Wharton 69). They cannot show their feelings to anyone. 6. As Ethan heads towards the farm, the atmosphere reflects his feelings because it is a thick fleecy sky threatening snow for the next day and Ethan is feeling down as well. 7.Ethans actions and Matties style at the door contrast the events of the previous evening. In the previous evening, Zeena had stood with the lamp looking bony and unattractive. This time, Mattie had a lifted lamp in her hand and had a crimson laurel in her hair. 8. Zeenas cat is intrusive and very symbolic. The cat jumps up onto the table, breaking a pickle bagful. Its actions symbolize Zeenas invisible presence. Its like a force that comes between Mattie and Ethan and reminds them of Zeenas existence. 9.Matties concern about the scummy pickle dish is caused by her remembering that Zeena told her to never use that dish because it was Zeenas favorite wedding present. 10. Ethan feels a thrilling sense of mastery because he helped solve the problem for Mattie and made her feel better about causation the accident to happen. Chapter 5 1. Zeenas cat and the rocking chair are further reminders of Zeena. When Mattie sits down on Zeenas cat, Ethan sees the specter of Zeenas face to have appeared in place of Matties features.He begins to feel uneasy and Mattie leaves and goes back to where she was sitting before. Then the cat takes its spot on Zeenas chair. 2. The reference to the elm foreshadows a ulterior action. Ethan says that theres an ugly corner down by the big elm (Wharton 80). He is scared because if you dont keep your eyes string out you would crash right into it while sledding. 3. Mattie says Nobody can tell with Zeena, she is referring to what Zeena thinks of her and how she wants Mattie to get married. Chapter 6 1. Ethans morning joy is contradicted by the frustrations of the day.He sends Jotham to pick up Zeena at the train sta tion but one of the horses slips on the ice and cuts its knee, and the sleety rain makes loading the logs difficult. Ethan heads to the Eady store to look for glue to fix Zeenas broken dish, but he cant find any there. He then goes to widow Honans store and finds one last bottle of glue. 2. Ethan wonders what happened in the drive to nerve Jotham to such stoicism. He thinks that maybe Zeena wasnt able to see the new doctor or didnt like something about what the doctor did and she usually blames her grievances on the first person she meets.

Banning communist party FINALRev

The commie society of Australia has a history that dates back to the early 1920. It was established in the face of rising Russian Communism revolution. An analysis of its events in its lifetime indicates that it was a great challenge to the Australian political order as it was growing from strength to strength in terms of its support. Liberal country party coalition was threatened by this emerging dominant ideology as fronted by the fabianism party. Robert Gordon Menzies was against this and went ahead to enforce a prohibition of the communist party, but was this right?(Ward, Russel, 1983 pg 131) Arguments have raged over the appropriateness of Menzies ban on the communist party. This penning maintains that this ban on the communist party was meant to suppress democracy and was against the basic underlying democratic fundamentals under which Australia was formed and also which the Liberal unsophisticated Party sought to further. It was also against undivided rights as it was s eeking to infringe on the freedom of association. The banning of communist party was driven by convalescent based fear peculiarly as a revolution driven by Russia was rife in the air.At the start of the world war two, the party had been illegalize in the pretext or in an unfounded belief that it was a dissident organization (Manne, Robert, 1994, pg 34,44). The federal government did this by invoking the National Security Regulations, except this ban was to be later lifted in December 1942. This was after the leadership established that the communist Russians had decided rally their support against fighting the Hitlers Third Reich terming the new force as the Patriotic Forces.Towards the start of the war, the Comintern was against the involvement of Russia in the Second World War terming it as purely an imperialists affair. Australian communists had too earlier on spoken against the rising Nazism and Fascism, warning that these it was likely to spread to the rest of Europe. The l ifting of the ban is an indicator that it was not on any justified cause but was as a result of the rising opposition to the governments policies at home (Ann C. and John M. , 1984). The communist party was riding on a wave of simmering discontent and disillusionment of the Australian workers under the labor unions.The lifting of the ban in 1942 did it greater process as its popularity soared to a record height. The number of trade unions allied to communist party increased greatly. The communist movement was able to penetrate and infiltrate the major trade unions mostly in the face of rising communism in Eastern Europe. The communist party in Australia was enjoying some considerable support especially amongst the workers. This is seen in the way it was able to influence and instigate workers strike. The Chiley government in turn was using the military and arbitrary jailing of officials to crack the party.1949, in Australia, was a deplorable year for the labor government. The min er led a nation wide strike, a strike that lasted for seven weeks. This was a period that would put the governments strength and will power into test. It was to retaliate through unwarranted emergency legislations, and establishing an Anti Communist Month. This scuffle would leave both the communist party and the labor party suffering debilitating effects in the face of a rising unpopularity that was being fuelled by Menzies Liberal Party. This was so especially as the 1949 federal elections drew closer.Right from the start, Menzies was set against communism in Australia. He considered the party as alien and destructive pest. In his campaign for elections, he vowed to prohibit it. Indeed that was the first deed upon his swearing in, having won the elections with a landslide (Peter L. & Paul S. , 2001, pg 66). Many argue that it was not the suppression of the communist party use that did not endear him to many but it is the approach that he took. He embraced undemocratic strategies and invoked some constitution provisions that would infringe upon the rights of the population.It has to be understood that Menzies policies against communism were a greater extent fuelled and influenced by the United States and Britain in the face of cold war. The three countries had been sharing classified information on the communism and on nuclear technology including the remote sites. Allegations that the communist party in Australia was spying for the USSR led to Menzies taking a hard stance and vowing to stamp out the party, referring to the solve as a high treason (McKnight, David, 1994, pg112).The events that would ensue after this were highly undemocratic. Menzies took excess measures to curb any association, support or membership of the Communist Party. It is these measures that have a lot of criticism. Majority wanted prohibition to be specifically limited to membership and not based on some other ununderstandable criterion. His strap headache however was how to ban a party that enjoyed considerable support from the trade unions. Impediments lay on his path as he tried to ban the party mostly as the common wealth constitution did not have such provisions.He had to plan carefully, cautious not to step on the toes of the strong trade unions (Gollan, Robin, 1975, pg 145). Menzies was not enjoying much support from the industrial workers who saw him as impediment to their rights. His policies were likely to ignite an industrial instability. In banning the communist party, he used selective and isolationist policies. The communist officials were to be denied any job opportunities in the government offices but the trade union officials were not to be affected by this, even those publicly opposed to the federal government.Sifting the communist from the rest required the reversing of the fundamental principle of innocent until proven guilty. The legal burden of gather lay upon the individual accused of being a member of the communist party. This di d not endear him to many and was seen as meant to lead to arbitrary detention in the pretext that a crime against the commonwealth was committed (Macintyre, Stuart, 1998 pg 20-23). A hate campaign was instituted against the communist in the bid by the federal government to bestow a sense of fear into the masses and wane the communist party popularity.The bill introduced by the government referred to as the Australian Communist Party looseness of the bowels Bill 1950, was meant to outlaw completely the communist party. The provisions in the bill were unreasonably harsh and a clear infringement of the citizens rights. Supporters were to be jailed and those suspect to be communists sacked from their jobs. This was in the midst of concerted and vehement opposition from the Australian Labor Party led by Ben Chifley. According to him, freedom and individual justice were at stake if the bill was to be passed.Others were also emphasizing similar views. The high court ruled to the disfavor of the Menzies administration and his mechanizations did not make headway. The 1951 referendum held on 22nd September landed Menzies a slight defeat, however, still in the face of this defeat, the government did not give up the fight against communism. (Rupert Lockwood, 1992 pg 149) It is grave to indicate that opposition is not on the decision to fight the Communist Party perse but it is against the strategy that he used.It is agreeable that the ideal of communism in the face of cold war were a threat to the stability of Australia. However the methods used to fight it are not condonable. The public voted against the government as on that point was fear that individual right and freedoms were to be trampled on had the act been enacted. The strategies used by Menzies were undemocratic and were seeking to arbitrary oppress a section of the Australian population especially those believed to have some communist connections.Some people were citing the arbitrary arrests on the mere bas is of suspicion as the reason behind their right to vote against the proposed act. Reference Ward, Russel, 1983. A nation for a continent the history of Australia, 1901-1975, Richmond, and Vic. Heinemann Educational Australia. Ann Curthoys and John Merritt, 1984. Australias first refrigerating War Society, communism and culture. 1945-1953 / Volume 1 Sydney Allen & Unwin. Peter Love & Paul Strangio, 2001. Arguing the Cold War. Carlton North, Vic. Red Rag Publications. Gollan, Robin, 1975.Revolutionaries and Reformists Communism and the Australian Labour Movement, 1920-1955, Canberra Australian National U. P. Manne, Robert, 1994. The shadow of 1917 Cold War conflict in Australia, Melbourne Text Publishing. Rupert Lockwood, 1992. Seeing Red And Darker Colours, in seeing red the Communist Party Dissolution Act and referendum 1951 lessons for constitutional reform, Sydney Evatt Foundation. Macintyre, Stuart, 1998. The reds, St. Leonards Allen & Unwin. McKnight, David, 1994. Australias spies and their secrets, St Leonards, N. S. W. Allen & Unwin.

Colonial and Revolutionary Eras in America Essay

The compound and basal eras in the States are not so chronologically distant, yet they are 2 very different times for America. These two eras are very important parts of Americas history.The transformation of colonial America to Revolutionary America is quick but drastic. To be a colonial American would mean solely relying on God. An American at that time would center their whole life story around God. They believed they did not personally own anything. For example, in Anne Bradstreets poem Upon a Burning family, Anne implied that it was wrong to feel sorry for the loss of your house or family, because the Puritan belief was that everything is owned by God. Anne considered herself lucky because she was left with the most important thing of all her life (Chin 78). Anne Bradstreet most captured my attention with her paper style and her pure love of God. Puritans believed that if God should let you go, you would immediately sink and swiftly descend and knock down into the bottoml ess gulf (Chin 103). It was easy for the British to keep people of the Puritan lifestyle under its top because of their phantasmal beliefs (Kiracofe)The Revolutionary era is when the colonists began to become much opinionated. The start of the Revolutionary era was when the British began onerous sugar. The sugar act lead to a boycott of buying all British imports. The Boycott puke the British in great debt and was eventually repealed. At that point, the colonists discovered that they do have a pronounce in their government. The people of America began relying on logistics and facts instead of their faith. This lead to the Revolutionary war, also called the War of liberty (Higginbotham). More and more people began speaking their mind, such as Phillis Wheatley, an African American who writes a Revolutionary piece of art, praising George Washington for fighting and leading in the Revolutionary war. The colonists began to become more and more individualized from the British. The w hispers of rebellion turned into shouts after the Stamp Act. The farmers and merchants of America quickly transformed from strongly religious and peaceful men, into soldiers of the Revolutionary war.Colonial and Revolutionary Americans are two very different groups of people. The colonists were Puritans which means they were exceedingly religiously dependent. Although the Revolutionary Americans did believe that there was a God and that he was on their side, they took their own inaugural and fought for their freedom from Britains crown. If it were not for Revolutionary thinkers such as Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, George Washington, and the men who fought for this country, America would still be under the British laws and taxation. We would not have the rights and freedoms we have today. The Revolutionary war has make America for what it is today.

Reducing Minimum Legal Drinking Age to Decrease Alcohol Related Consequences Among Youth

Angel Gallegos Source Analysis Essay Rhet 104 Drinking Age At 18? How do we react when young adults are playing obnoxious and completely out of control due to uttermost(prenominal) inebriantic consumption? Over the years tensions and ends need risen to many peoples understanding about whether or not the minimum insobriety age should be lowered to the age of 18 years doddery. This study topic has popped up in the heads of many U. S citizens anyw present the years due to the facts that have popped up by many science found and readingal research programs. Where has most of the illegal age drinking been pickings place?According to the two authors of the scholarly reviewed article, Will Increasing Alcohol Avail business leader By lowering The Minimum Legal Drinking Age Decrease Drinking And Related Consequences Among Youths? Henry Wechsler and Toben F. Nelson, they state that in college is where most young adults take on the role of binge-drinkers and take a major advantage of their ability to consume alcoholic drink illegally. The real question here is, should the drinking age be lowered? And wherefore? and we will see the methodology of both authors in their opinions on towards lowering the drinking age.Both authors main argument in the reviewed article is obviously to lower the drinking age. To lower the drinking age would mean so much to the nation in their opinion because of the facts that have been video display up in the U. S. According to the authors based on research that has been made, alcohol tops the list of causes for deaths and injuries in young adults. It is sad to see that this information is very true up to this day and both authors prove it very well by showing images of the information they are stating from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Fatality Analysis report System.This image in the article seems credible because its coming from a administration in which they strictly rivet on the fatalities caused by u nderage drinking over the past 20-30 years and it is clearly visible that patronise when the drinking age was set at 18 years there were fewer deaths then when it was elevated to 21 years and so since then only assumptions and arguments have been made to why those facts pop up. This present is effective to us the readers because if we were real interested in the topic we would be able to see the facts on the image shown on the article and be able to argue the age differences in the drinking ages.The authors ordain information on how in college is where the heavy binge drinking takes place for most of young adults. base on a national survey, stated by the authors, found out that 1 out of both 10 students that consumed alcohol illegally underage reported experiencing any bad consequences for breaking the liquor/alcohol policies grantn at their respected schools. I believe that this is ineffective in a way because if the political relation is imposing the drinking age to be a t 21 then why arent they acting upon all the underage drinkers.Its not like they dont know how much alcohol consumption takes place at colleges. This is where their next argument arose and gave the knowledge about the The Amethyst Initiative origin. They give reference to this petition, which involves presidents and chancellors of over 135 colleges in the signing of lowering the drinking age to 18 years of age due to various college drinking experiences. I find this petition to be really interesting to me because of the way they use their manner of speaking to argue that the drinking age should be lowered.The authors use words like not working to target the fact that the drinking age at 21 is not preventing young adults from consuming alcohol illegally. The credibility in everything they say can be easily accounted for and overall there could be some authorial bias coming from the presidents and chancellors of these colleges because of the fact that it is hard to pretty support the overall position of drinking but overall it does not seem to carry over the authors themselves because they are simply stating the information given by the presidents and chancellors.In this petition they state that 18 year old through the age of 20 year olds have driven underage drinking underground in unmonitored areas and it is bad to for the nation because only the underage drinkers are aware of what is going on but in reality they really dont know what can be the outcome of the night because they have as much access to as much liquor they would please. They argue how the government wants to reduce fatalities in the nation and underage drinking so why not lower the drinking age to 18 and let young dults do wise decisions on their own while still being able to come out to the bars and drink responsibly in a more protected and controlled purlieu as oppose of their unmonitored areas. Lastly in the petition they say a sentence that caught my attention over all in which I believ e they could evaluate more as authors to the article and this sentence basically showed the comparison of Western atomic number 63s young adults ranging from 18-20 year olds drink more responsibly and they take up that assumption because the drinking age in Europe is lower then the drinking age here at the United States.I feel that both authors couldve made an effort to support this assumption better by going to other resources and getting information in where they show some type of facts that can be used to argue this statement against the drinking age and not only in comparison to Europe but to all the other countries as well, but other then that the authors have cited and backed up their information well even though a bias point of view can be seen because maybe other people view the idea of consuming alcohol completely different. In reflectiveness to the article I believe I stand with the opinion or views of those who want to lower the drinking age.Not because I am underage a nd just view it as I want to legally demoralise drinks faster but I see it as a completely different way. I think back that if the United States government is able to give drivers licenses to young adults, why not be able to give them the choice to drink as well. Driving is a big responsibility in which any person has to take on and I believe that if they trust a young adult by fashioning a choice to drive a vehicle and place their life in danger every day they do it then why not give them the trust to drink responsibly as well.I feel that given that right it will ultimately lower binge drinking because they wont be doing it illegally. I support the views of the authors as well because even though it might come in a bias way at the end of it, it really does not because we see that they will never be able control alcohol related problems but there are always ways to deliver and prevent more from breaking out. http//web. ebscohost. com/ehost/detail? vid=4&sid=8db21b3f-0745-49b5-b 020-7285e730bd01%40sessionmgr114&hid=128&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=aph&AN=50616981

Discuss the social context that influences Othello’s labelling of Desdemona as that “cunning whore of Venice”

In Othello many a(prenominal) issues argon underinterpreted. According to the time that the play was written, men hold all the power and women are considered to be of low intellect. Throughout the play Desdemona is a symbol of innocence and helplessness. At first she appears to be get along with and quite perceptive of events almost her. Iago often tells Othello that she is unfaithful. It seems that she refuses to accept what is happening and her views are impartial.She has a tendency to be sympathetic towards former(a) peoples situations, like Cassio. This is what triggers Othellos jealousy when Iago pointed out they were speaking in privacy. She often pays attention to other peoples thoughts yet remains cynical if they differ to her own. She has a loyalty to her husband in all aspects of life, whether it is affable or material.Othello shows us how a womans character, reputation and power can be manipulated and distorted by men. The family between Desdemona and Othello is very peculiar, and would have been considered even more so at the time at which Shakespeare was writing, it because stands out in the play, not least because it is a mixed-race marriage but also because at the pour down of the play they appear to be on an equal standing, they have a mutual respect for iodin another.We are presented with a very powerful image of women at the start of the play Desdemona has disobeyed her father and taken her chosen husband, although Desdemona does acknowledge that Othello is her Lord and that it is her duty to obey him. However, in that state, Desdemona does act as a dramatic device, bringing Othello into a domestic situation where he is inexperienced. This causes his obsession with Desdemona to grow because she has become his whole homo Iago finds it easy to manipulate this situation because Othello is unfamiliar to life only in the domestic side.Although Desdemona was rational in trusting, her trust was often misplaced, for example Iago. As well as this regardless of her intellect of what goes on around her in some cases, this was not enough to rise up in society, as women had no thought in the time of the play. Although Shakespeare undertook many recent day ideas, he did not do this for a modern day society, as it would not have allowed so many events to occur, and it would not have been considered realistic by the public.When Othello talks of wooing Desdemona he is portrayed as an eloquent storyteller and lover She gave me for my pain a world of sighs. It is through her relationship with Othello that his failure is shown not only by her spoilt opinion of him, he was previously an ideal to her, but by the end of the play she has realised that men are not gods, but also by Othellos swift dismissal of her as a fair devil and a lewd minx after his view of her where he would deny her nothing has been destroyed by Iago.The downslope of Othello is marked by the destruction of their once close and trusting relationship, which I ago has convinced Othello that it is a foul disproportion. Desdemonas physical and vocal absence from the opening scenes speaks about womens place in the Venetian society. It is through Desdemonas absence that we are able to conjure up our own mental image of her based on what we have heard.

The Causes and Effects of Global Recession

Here a definition a box as well a valet de chambre(a) turning point is mentioned. Some causes and personal effects has been listed. Due to recession occurring, I make up identified the effects of recession based on Tesco. The causes and effects of global recession. Global financial crisis, increasing for a while, began to show its consequences in the mid of 2007 into 2008. Worldwide stock grocery stores have subsided, financial institutions have dropped and g everyplacenments in even the richest nations have had to ramp up packages to assist their financial organizations. Recession is defined as a slowdown of activities in the frugality over a time.The major effect of recession is Inflation as well as currency crisis. A decrease in income may be another effect of recession in the economy. As persons correct to save more, this reduces gross revenue in that respectfore there is a result of no profits. Another effect may be outgrowth in mortgage rates. At the time of reces sion, lenders consort to increase rate in order to cover their losses. While in recession employment occasions be reduced since companies tend to cut down on these opportunities thus leading to unemployment in the economy. Countries around the universe of discourse are organism driven into recession as the economic down flexure deteriorates.In Europe, Ger some(prenominal), Italy, Ireland and Denmark they have all suffered two consecutive living quarters of economic change state the first is the technical definition of a recession and secondly it was already picture ahead. Japan joined the list as it surprised economists and reduced in size in the ending of the course of instruction. The UK economy shrank in the third quarter of 2008, and is expected to contract through virtually of 2009. M each are expecting a new world order with economic power shifting to countries in the east who are better placed to weather the downturn.However, maturation economies rely on the west to buy their goods, so recessions in the US and UK will as well hurt them. This was according to http//www. guardian. co. uk/ furrow/interactive/2008/oct/08/recession. character referencecrunch The effects of recession may be seen as bankruptcies, deflation, a reduction in sales, disunify in the stock market and most importantly unemployment. Causes of global recession may be because of the sub-prime lending crisis and rising of oil prices. The main effects of recession are a decrease in profitability, decline in the stock market and clog in borrowing.The financial crisis from 2007 to present is a result of the banking arranging in the united States. This has resulted in the decomposition reaction of financial institutions, bailout of bank by national governments and slumps in stock markets worldwide. In various areas, accommodate markets has also suffered. Although the extension crunch in the US was costing America and Europe immense ponder losses, financial professional s were influenced that Africa will NOT BE unanimous by the global financial crisis because of where it is located. The extend to of the US credit crunch on Africa was narrow as a result of the restrictions of ownership.Due to the lack of trade finance is create stockpiles to build up at Southern Africas coal port, because of this, coal trade has fallen drastically. Africa was unharmed for rough time. Nevertheless, when the recession streng and soed in the First World, the effects were organism felt. According to reports people functional in the construction, automotive, tourism, finance, services and real estate sectors will be mostly affected during these hard times. Africas export and import industries have changed due to the credit crunch in the US.Africa depends intemperately on exports of its painful commodities such as oil and coal, and since the US credit crunch the countries that purchases Africas exports have been un sufficient to recall credit. This has caused a gr eat fall in exports and consecutively resulted in deceased prices. Credit crunch essence a scarcity of money, declining house prices which is related to a lack of mortgages and credit crunch and cost come to inflation resulting in decreased income are some factors that push an economy into recession. A decrease in world GDP occurred in many countries, specifically in developing countries.Imports have also declined significantly in importing countries. This was obvious in countries such as China, Taiwan, Mexico, Egypt and Russia. it was utter that GDP fell to 3. 8% in the U. S. The impact of recession on employment may not be felt for some time. Investigation in Britain shows that low-skilled, low-educated workers and the immature are in a weak position to unemployment in a downturn. It took Britain five years for unemployment to go back to its initial levels. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered their target rates. They then raised the silver rate significantly betwee n July 2004 and July 2006.This added to an increase in cast of years to the adjustable-rate mortgage rates and do it more expensive for homeowners. As a result, this may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble. Gross Domestic Product declined at an in the last two years in the United States. When GDP collapses, economic growth will also plunge. This is as a result of fewer goods being manufactured and therefore the rate of exports will reduce. It is said that when exports decrease, it will not have sufficient funds to accommodate any growth in the economy what so ever.As a result in the decline in GDP, employment rate will sooner or later begin to drop. As a result of the credit crunch, con agreeers have less purchasing power therefore they are consuming a crapper less. Due to this, employers are making a minor profit and as a result they are not capable to pay their workers. Now, because of this they tend to start to cut down on their ply members. The emplo yment rate in the U. K. for a period of three months was recorded as the lowest since many years aback. The number of people employed that was unemployed was unimaginable although there were a number of job vacancies.This then eventually increase to new heights. These increases were mostly due to the industrial sectors. In the US, a rumbling in the housing segment was driving the economy to new heights. This is a combination of little rice beer rates and hefty inflows of overseas funds helped to create easy credit situation where it became a lot easier for people to get loans. As more people are able to obtain loans, the necessitate for houses increased as well as the price for the house. The main aim of most lending institutions and credit firms was to eliminate loans to scores of potential guests as possible.Inspecting the customers repaying capacity was overlooked in lots of consequences. As a consequence, many people with a low level income as well as detrimental credit r ecord category were given housing loans in disregard to all theories of financial caution. This reference of loan was considered to be sub-prime loans as the repaying of the loan was doubtful. In the age of globalization, no country can proceed detached from the variations of global economy. Intense failures suffered by major International Banks will affect all countries of the world.As of presently India is facing heat since their market shares are declining daily, their money is declining against money and their banks are facing brutal crash crunch resulting in scarcity of liquidity in the market. A global depression is most credibly to be a consequence in the fall in demand of all types of consumer goods. As a result, in 2007-08, India sold a smaller number of goods to overseas consumers. A fall in demand is likely to affect the growth rate as well as export rates. The global downturn continues to have intense impacts for developing countries.Australia is dedicated to respond ing efficiently to this crisis and civilizing the elasticity of countries and their ability to handle shocks in the female horse future. Australia responded to this recession by the prevention of need reduction and sustaining programs that generate employment and re-establish economic growth. During 2008 and 2009 the global economy was shaken by towering food and fuel prices. Global economic growth deteriorated in the year 2009. The crisis also produced a significant change in the situation of expanding countries. Economic growth in developing countries in 2009 dramatically decreased compared to that in 2007.Declines in foreign direct enthronement, export revenue and payments have slow down economic growth and employment in developing countries. There is development towards plummeting poverty and hunger. Extensive job losses in rural areas, export-oriented sectors has enlarged unemployment and impelled more workers into low-income careers. This impact has been a result of recessi on. Although Japan has not suffered from a housing crumple or toxic assets, its financial system has been hit rigid by the crisis than the US or EU. Japans reduction is as a result in the fall in extraneous demand.THE EFFECT OF THE CRISIS ON TESCO Here http//www. corporatewatch. org. uk/? lid=252sum say that Tesco, known as Britians leading as well as most honest supermarket is located in China. As in the current years, Tesco and its biggest rivals have faced disparagement for mistreating their position as a monopoly and adding to some of the main internal and external problems outbreak in society to solar day. Some of these take replacing small farmers with industrial monoculture agricultural estate whereby the wages ahead are lower and their exertion privileges. As time went by Tesco took over the leading position.In 1995 Tesco was the largest supermarket and became the leader a few years after. This was foreseen as an achievement. In the year 2000, Tesco successfully launched a website. In 2001, customer satisfaction was taken into consideration as in various stores, enhancement services was implemented. Tesco became the primary merchant in the UK. They also reached to new heights. The admittance to Malaysia was made in the upcoming year. As all firms do, they offered speciality products which were made for diabetic customers. The business began storing electronic products of all types, as well as furniture in its stores.During this same year the company then further introduced garments mainly in its UK stores giving customers a wider range of products. As years went by Tesco made entries to various countries. Entry was made into China. This time where their product was launched they substantiating and promoted their products. The website which was launched was available to download music as well. In the year 2005 the existence in Taiwans was through. As the years went by Tesco progressed and developed slowly. After a sum of three years, plans were m ade to establish a new business to be made available in India.According to market studies in 2004, Tescos gap was sealing. It was known as the quaternary major supermarket in the world existing presently. It is said that Tesco operates countless stores in various countries around the world and employees more than hundreds or persons. They used their knowledge to compete against Wal-Mart as by lowering prices so customers would turn to them instead, their increasing sales and consumer awareness and needs. Tesco is known that the major aim of a firm is to maximize profits. However, it is the judgement of many that the firm cannot achieve its full potential if it cannot achieve its full growth potential.Therefore in this case Marriss theory does not make any economic sense. For a firm to be able to maximize shareholders and managers wealth, it must be able to grow and advance enough. Also, since the aim of the modern economic world is globalization, if a firm cannot meet its fullest potential it can be highly compatible with the global market and a wider variety of preferences for trade and investment. According to http//www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-1172251/Prices-profits-Tesco-puts-success-discountsshoppers-pay-staple-goods. html sales progress at Tesco has plit fifty-fifty due to Britains major retailer loses patrons to financial plan competitors, together with the thriving German discounters. Although the value of sales through Tescos stores in UK showed a twelve-monthly growth of 2% within the past three months, it was its worst calculate in a long time. The business has react d by establishing a modern novel discount choice, which is bringing inhabitants through the doors nevertheless delivering inferior sales values and profit margins. Tesco had a Brobdingnagian lost from customers due to them switching to Asda while Aldi and Morrisons made a reasonable profit.This was due to switching of customer loyalties. Figures proved that Tescos leading gr ocery competitors are doing far more damage to it than formerly deliberated. Tesco insisted that its recently launched tick off was to blame for knocking a few percentages of UK sales figures. Selling experts suggested as a result of the values, Tesco is rubbish a wrong battle. They should be more concerned somewhat their customers preference and not their competitors. It was reported that Tesco is cheerful with progress being done but at the same time they are pragmatic about the climate in the economy a present and the twist it is putting on the customers.The director of Tesco declared that the growth of sales in UK was the slowest since the recession in the early 1990s. Although deflation in a business causes losses it is a good decision since customers respond to it. As of the expansion of the business in the US, there is a halt. http//www. tescoplc. com/annualreport09/financialstatements/summary_financial_statement/summary_group_income_statement/ Stated that VAT increased a nd that exchange rates as well as sales increased. It stated a reduction of inflation and growth rate which impacted on an increase in sales due to customers trying to save their salary.Due to these trends, Tesco took advantage of it by slicing their prices and making products more affordable. With the increase in productivity and proper expense management the result of this there was a growth in profits despite the challenges. This website http//industry. bnet. com/retail/10001528/recessions-impact-on-fresh-easy-drags-down-tesco-results/ stated that in the financial year ending February, Tesco lost a huge sum total of money in pounds. After bookkeeping for the exchange rates it was shown that an unbelievable amount was due to this.It then was forecasted that an enormous loss occurred in the US. Also it was said that the total sales amounted to 208 billion pounds, due to stores having an advantage because of a sale. As stated according to http//www. bbc. co. uk/blogs/thereporters/ robertpeston/2010/01/tesco_and_recessions_end. html Britains largest merchant benefited from an unprovided for(predicate) growth. Sales in the UK rose a remarkable 8. 3% and 4. 9% per unit of selling space, familiarized for the VAT changes and excluding petrol. This was Tescos best performance for three years. It seemed as doe recession did not have any impact on Tesco.As prices goes up it is stated that other stores are raising their prices. By supporting the credit crunch, this may be as a result of elevated numbers of unemployment. As one of the largest and sudden growing merchants more jobs will be accessible with TESCO therefore helping to trim down the levels of unemployment. A PESTLE analysis is therefore useful in order to keeping TESCO up to date with their environmental surroundings for example by identifying in advance that route to which they are heading for a recession would have helped them to plan in advance. This was stated according to http//www. odelanswer. co. uk/business/help/pestle/tescos. php. it also stated that a PESTLE analysis is essential to the development and the success of TESCOs also including the day to day management of each store in line with strategic decisions. By lack of knowledge of what external factors affect the organisation, it is complex to control the business in a well-organized manner. http//www. independent. co. uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/recession-slows-the-tesco-juggernaut-1048858. html states that the biggest retailer, in UK had a huge downturn of sale due to recession.However, Tesco is being battered by brutal contender from rivals, Asda, Morrisons and Aldi, which are apparent to be stronger on price. Thus far, the governments reaction is mainly heavily dependent on measures agreed to before the crisis began. Negotiating a framework for a unified response by business, government and trade unions, with an emphasis on avoiding, where possible, retrenchments. Interest rate cuts. Proceeding with a three-year infrastructure investment programme. Proceeding with an expanded public-works programme was stated according to http//www. amandlapublishers. co. a/home-menu-item/156-the-impact-of-the-global-recession-on-south-africa. In accordance to http//www. bloomberg. com/apps/news? pelvic inflammatory disease=conewsstory&tkr=TSCOLN&sid=aB2XzUDCyYSQ. It stated that across all parts of their strategy UK, International, Non-food, Services, businesses are now physically powerful than it was before the recession. Various procedures, developed market shares, strategic performance and a strong organic development programme, were done to accomplish profitable growth. In the United States, Fresh & Easy has been making tremendous progress, despite prolonged weakness in the economies.Customers are now appreciating the range of fresh food being prepared and the gracious services offered. As of the new businesses, we are become accustom and cultivating feedback. With the upgrading developme nt to our range implemented and with the number of growing stores, which was launched at media campaigns in is said to offer both high quality and low prices. With a combination of increased customer awareness and the improvements we have made in the store helped to drive stronger positive sales growth throughout the year. As a result of assistance from the government, there was much of no assistance.They insisted that retailers would benefit only from a re-evaluation of business rates as they have been negatively affected by tumbling property values. He also suggested that a cut in the Uniform Business range multiplier should be done to avoid businesses suffering rate increases in a recession. The multiplier is reviewed p.a. and goes up in line with inflation. It was also disclosed that business rates should be reviewed since they do not reflect the changing nature of businesses in which the value ofproperty is no longer profitability as stated according to http//findarticles. om /p/articles/mi_7996/is_2008_Nov_12/ai_n39096759/. CONCLUSION In closing global recession has a huge impact on businesses. As a result Tesco was one of the companies affected by the recession.REFERENCE WEBSITES Tesco. com Tecsos History Online operable at http//www. tescoplc. com/plc/about_us/tesco_story/ Accessed on 28th April, 2010 About Tesco Online forthcoming at http//www. cn. tesco. com/en/aboutus/aboutus_history. htm Accessed on 28th April, 2010 Tescos weekly sales growth Online Available at http//www. freshplaza. com/news_detail. sp? id=62193 Accessed on 28th April, 2010 Government assistance towards Tesco Online Available at http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_7996/is_2008_Nov_12/ai_n39096759/ Accessed on world-class May, 2010 Tesco Plc Online Available at http//www. bloomberg. com/apps/news? pid=conewsstory&tkr=TSCOLN&sid=aB2XzUDCyYSQ Accessed on 1st May, 2010 The impact of global recession Online Available at http//www. amandlapublishers. co. za/home-menu-item/156-the -impact-of-the-global-recession-on-south-africa Accessed on 1st May, 2010 Tescos recession Online